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THE

JOUKNAL OF BOTANY

BRITISH ANT) FOREIGN.

EDITED BY

JAMES J3KITTEN, K.S.G., F.L.S.

VOL. XXXIX.

HEW YOKfc

BOTANICAL

(JAJgUfciW

ILLUSTRATED WITH PLATES AND CUTS

LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54. HATTON GARDEN

190 1.

LONDON :

WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS,

HATTON GARDEN, E.C.

CONTKIBUTORS

TO THE PRESENT VOLUME.

J. E. Bagnall, A.L.S.

E. G. Baker, F.L.S.

J. G. Baker, F.R.S.

Ethel S. Barton.

J. Benbow, F.L.S.

Arthur Bennett, F.L.S.

James Britten, F.L.S.

G. L. Bruce, M.A.

Cedric Bucknall, Mus. Bac.

G. R. Bullock-Webster.

William Carruthers, F.R.S.

W. A. Clarke.

Llewellyn J. Cooks.

H. N. Dixon, M.A., F.L.S.

E. J. Elliott.

David Fry.

Antony Gepp, M.A., F.L.S.

John Gerard, S.J., F.L.S.

W. H. Griffin.

Henry Groves, F.L.S.

James Groves, F.L.S.

W. P. Hamilton.

W. P. HiERN, M.A., F.L.S.

C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S. G. Holmes. A. 0. Hume, F.L.S. W. Ingham, B.A.

A. B. Jackson.

B. Daydon Jackson, Sec.L.S. Sir George King, F.R.S., etc. L. V. Lester, M.A., F.L.S. H. W. Lett.

AuGusTiN Ley, M.A.

E. F. LiNTON, M.A.

W. R. Linton, M.A.

Arthur Lister, F.R.S.

Symers M. Mac vicar.

E. S. Marshall, M.A., F.L.S.

W. K. Martin.

J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.

P. MiCHELMORE.

Spencer lk M. Moore, F.L.S.

G. R. M. Murray, F.R.S.

R. P. Murray, M.A., F.L.S.

W. E. Nicholson.

John Percival, M.A., F.L.S.

C. B. Plowright, M.A.

A. B. Rendle, D.Sc, F.L.S.

H. J. Riddlesdell.

W. Moyle Rogers, F.L.S.

C. E. Salmon, F.L.S.

E. S. Salmon, F.L.S. Hans Schinz.

C. D. Sherborn.

Annie L. Smith.

W. G. Smith, F.L.S.

G. Stabler.

H. Stuart Thompson, F.L.S.

Richard F. Towndrow.

W. West, F.L.S.

James W. White, F.L.S.

J. A. Wheldon, F.L.S.

W. Whitwell, F.L.S.

F. N. Williams, F.L.S. Albert Wilson, F.L.S.

A. H. WOLLEY-DOD, R.A.

B. B. Woodward, F.G.S.

Directions to Binder.

Tab. 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426

;itelSaPrf^r=a:rr«3»«R')

to face page 1 49 81 121 153 193 217 257 289 321

title

Or all the Plates may be placed together at the end of the volume-

The Supplement (' Flora of Staffordshire ') should be placed separately at the end of the volume.

Parliinsor. del. .Morgan anal.etlith

Ficus Parkin soni Hierp^

THE OAi^U^^

JOURNAL OF BOTANY

BRITISH AND FOREIGN.

BANKS AND SOLANDER'S AUSTRALIAN FIGS.

By W. p. Hiern, M.A., F.L.S.

(Plate 417.)

Besides the drawings executed by various artists for the original sketches made by Sydney Parkinson during Cook's First Voyage, which were engraved on copper and are now being issued by the British Museum, there are several which were not engraved. Some of these are merely sketches by Parkinson ; of others there are also finished drawings, many of them of equal interest with those engraved. The Museum publication, save in one or two cases of exceptional importance, only reproduces the engraved plates ; but among those of which only the drawings exist are some which are well worth publishing, as they represent species which have not been met with since Banks's time, and of which no other figures exist ; one such, Drosera Banksii, was reproduced last year in this Journal (t. 410B, fig. B.).

Among them are five finished drawings of Figs, made by F. P. Nodder from Parkinson's sketches, to which Mr. Britten directed my attention while I was elaborating the Muracece of the Welwitsch collection. The specimens collected by Banks and Solander are in the National Herbarium, and as two out of the five apparently have not been described, it may be worth while to publish some account *'of the series. Of the two in question, I have drawn up descriptions, ' based upon the specimens and figures, in which I have availed myself of certain details from Solander's MSS. ; of the three previously known species I have quoted Solander's description, in accordance with the plan adopted by Mr. Britten in the III ast rations of the Botany of Cook's Voyage.

1. Ficus Parkinsoni Hiern, sp. n. Arbor mediocris glabra lactescens, ramis obsolete angulatis, ramulis crassiusculis carnosulis longitudiualiter corrugatis levibus ochraceis apicem obtusam versus foliosis, foliis alternis sparsis suboblique ovali-oblongis apice bre- vissime subacuminatis obtusis vel subacutiusculis basi rotundatis vel obtuse angustatis inconspicue 3-5-nerviis coriaceis integris patentibus petiolatis baud scabridis super nitidis amoene viridibus

Journal OF Botany. — Vol.39. [Jan. 1901.] b

4 THE JOUKNAL OF BOTANY

poliendo. Folia opposita, petiolata, oblonga, acuta, integerrima, scaberrima, venosa venulisque subtus reticulata, basi parum & anguste cordata, quatuor vel quinque imcias longa. Petioli foliis sexies breviores ; alterni breviores. Peclunculi axillares, oppositi, solitarii, imiflori, lougitudine petiolorum. Fructus globosus, mag- nitudine Cerasi scaber, rnbicundus, apice perforatus apertura rotunda, parum rostrata. Cfr. Folium politorium Faimph. amh. 4, p. 128, t. 68, sed folia alteriia & basi angustata." — Solander MS.

Hab. prope Labyrinth Bay, Palm Island, and Kocky Point, Endeavour Careeniug-place.

Labyrinth Bay is on the east coast of Cape York peninsula. The Palm Islands are about 18° 45' S. lat., 146° 40' E. long. ; and Thirsty Sound (the locality mentioned on the drawing) is 22° 15' S. lat., 150° E. long.

E. Brown identified his specimens from Keppel Bay, Shoalwater Bay, and Broad Sound, n. 3219, with those of Banks.

This is the plant mentioned under the name of F. radnla in Banks's Journal, p. 316 (ed. J. D. Hooker, 1896), where it is stated that the Australian natives polish their darts with the leaves of this wild fig tree, " which bite upon wood almost as keenly as our European shave-grass [Equisetum hyemale L.] used by the joiners " ; it is not the R. Radula Willd. The native name is given in Solander' s MS. as *' de poor."

5. F. GLOMERATA Roxb. PI. Corom. ii. col. 13, t. 123 (1798) ; Benth. I.e. p. 178. " BractecB tres, ad basin fructus, persistentes, ovatse, acutae, concavae, 1^-lineares. Fructus obovato-subrotundus, cum collo angusto lougitudine bractearum, glaber, rubicundus (dia- metro sesquiunciali), odore debili fragarum nee penitus saporis ex- pers, subdulcis, apice notatus verruca convexa, quae tecta est squamis circiter decem, ovatis, acutiusculis, concavis, arete imbricatis, rubi- cundis, vix 1 lineam longis. Flores Masculi & Feminei in eodem fructu. Mas. Calyx hi- (forte interdum tri-) phyllus : Foliola ob- longa. Filamenta duo, filiformia, albida, calyce longiora. AnthenB oblongge, erect^e, majusculae, albida. Flores feminei omnes a Cynipidibus destructi ut illos describere uon potui. Eamuli proprii floriferi, aphylli, porrecti e caudice & ramis crassioribus, flores in racemum gerentes. Flores binati, pedunculati, cicatrice (forte folii decidui) interstite. Peduncidi parum compressi, vix -^--unciales. Folia sparsa, petiolata, oblonga, acuminata, basi parum cordata, integerrima, glabra, venosa : venae duae infimae oppositae, paulo a basi cum rachi confluentes, in quadam axilla glandula linearis, ferruginea. Stipida lanceolato-subulatae, acuminatae, f-unciales, marcescentes." — Solander MS.

Endeavour river, collected by Banks.

Banks and Solander were delayed about the Endeavour river from 17th June to 3rd August, 1770 ; it is situate about 15° 30' S. lat., 142° 10' E. long.

R. Brown identified his specimens from the Northumberland Islands, n. 3224, with those of Banks.

This is referred to in Banks's Journal (p. 299) under the name

ON THE CULTIVATION OP MYCETOZOA FROM SPORES 5

F. caudiciflora (by which it is also called in Solander's MSS.) as " a kind of very indifferent fig, growing from the stalk of a tree."

Explanation of Plate 417. — Ficus ParMiuoni : — Principal figure, reduced one half. Fig. 1. Frustum of a leaf, under side, natural size. 2. A male flower with adpressed bract and perianth, enlarged ten diameters. 3. The same, with the bract and perianth spread, enlarged about ten diameters. 4. A female flower, enlarged about ten diameters.

ON THE CULTIVATION OF MYCETOZOA FKOM SPORES. By Arthur Lister, F.R.S.

In some notes on Mycetozoa published in this Journal for 1899 (pp. 145-152), I referred to the unusually large clusters of the spores of Badhamia utriciilaris Berk, observed in gatherings in the autumn of 1898 both in Epping Forest and at Lyme Regis. Cultivations from plasmodium found associated with the sporangia produced varying results ; in some cultures the spores were in large clusters, in others they were in the usual small groups of seven to ten.

Attempts had been made in former years to complete the whole cycle of development from spore to sporangium in Badhamia utricu- laris, but without success. Although the cultures above referred to proved that the size of the clusters of spores in this species is an inconstant character, it was desirable to have the point confirmed by a cultivation directly from the spores, and having now abundant material at hand another attempt was made.

On January 10th, 1899, spores, in large clusters of from sixteen to twenty-four, were sown in four watch-glasses in filtered rain water, and supplied with thin slices of scalded Stereum hirsutaui preserved in a moist atmosphere under a bell-jar. On Jan. 12th no spores had germinated ; the preparations were allowed to dry, and were rewetted on Jan. 14th. On Jan. 15th a large proportion of the spores had hatched ; they were again exposed to the air and allowed to dry and, after rewetting, swarm-cells appeared in great numbers. On Jan. 19th all the swarm-cells had taken the form of microcysts, and in one of the cultures paramaecia had entered, and were rapidly devouring the microcysts. The contents of this watch- glass were therefore cleared away, and a fresh sowing was put down of large-clustered spores from the same source as before. Leaving for the present the history of the preparations in the other three watch-glasses, I will follow that of the fresh culture, which was the only one that yielded satisfactory results. But here it may be interesting to note that the process of drying and rewetting appears to have a distinctly stimulating influence in producing the germi- nation of spores, and in restoring microcysts to the active condition. Without attempting to offer an explanation, it is a matter of ex- perience in numerous cultivations of Didymium di forme Daby from

6 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

spore to sporangium, as well as in the experiments now under consideration, that the treatment has this marked effect.

To return from this digression. The new culture was started on Jan. 26th, the spores being moistened in boiled water, and then spread over slices of scalded Stereum. On Jan. 27th no germination had taken place, and the spores were dried and rewetted. As none had hatched on the following day, they were again dried and were left until Jan. 30th, when they were wetted with boiled water, and a few more large-clustered spores were added. The preparation was not again examined until Feb. 10th, when the water was grey with hosts of dancing swarra-cells. On Feb. 20th these had all changed to microcysts : they were allowed to dry until Feb. 22nd, when boiled water was again added. On March 4th swarm-cells were present in great abundance. On March 10th a minute Plasmodium was seen under the microscope with y% obj. On March 12th about twelve small plasmodia were discovered, in which yellow granules could be detected. March loth, several plasmodia had coalesced, and slow streaming movement was visible. March 16tb, plasmodia could be seen with the naked eye, and under the microscope fine streaming through a net-work of veins could be made out. March 17th, the plasmodia had combined into two of unequal size ; the larger Plasmodium was now in contact with one of the slices of Stereum, and as the preparation swarmed with bacteria, producing an offensive smell, it was removed to another watch-glass and supplied with fresh Stereum, on to which it soon crawled. The culture was now transferred to a plate covered with a bell-jar and fed with Stereum until the plasmodium attained a large size. On April 10th the preparation was divided ; one part was exposed to the air to form into sclerotuira, of which a good supply was obtained, and the remainder was fed for a week or two longer, when it formed into about 2000 sporangia.'" In all those examined the spores were in the normal small clusters of seven to ten.

Of the three other cultures put down on Jan. 10th, one was attacked by paramaecia, which devoured nearly all the swarm-cells, or microcysts ; the remaining two, though tended with some care and exhibiting from time to time swarm-cells and microcysts, never produced plasmodia, and were cleared away on April 6th.

The usual and easy method of cultivating Badhamia utricularis is from the sclerotium, which can be kept dry and stored for years without losing its vitality. A piece of Stereum hirsutum on which the sclerotium has formed is soaked in water for a few hours, when it should be removed and kept wet, but not wholly immersed. In the course of a day or so the plasmodium will have revived, and the piece of Stereum, on which it will have begun to creep, should be placed on a dinner plate, near the edge, and covered with a bell- jar. A well-soaked pileus of Stereum. should now be laid on the awakened plasmodium, which will soon leave the original piece and

* The sporangia of B. utricularis vary much in dimension ; those of the average size contain about a million and a half of spores.

ON THE CULTIVATION OF MYCETOZOA FROM SPORES /

spread over the new. Every morning a fresh supply of Stereum should be placed in front of, and touching, the piece over which the Plasmodium is advancing, so that it shall not go back on the exhausted fungus. In this way the growth may be led round the plate, the old pilei are cleared away behind, and fresh added in front until the cultivation has reached the desired dimensions, when it can be dried by exposure to the air to form a fresh store of sclerotium.

If, however, it is desired that the plasmodium should form into sporangia, the supply of food is stopped. If this is done without taking any further precaution, it is often found that the plasmodium becomes poisoned by returning to the old fungus, now loaded with decomposing refuse-matter, and it produces imperfect sporangia or dies. Though this is not always the case, yet to insure perfect de- velopment the following method is found to give good results. A pile of well-washed thick sticks, with the bark on them, is placed under a bell- jar, and the Stereum, on which the plasmodium is growing, is laid on the pile ; it is as well to add a few pilei at first, that the shock of removal may be recovered from ; the plasmodium soon leaves the Stereum, and wanders over the sticks ; there it frees itself from impurities, and, finding nothing to feed upon, it changes to perfect sporangia in four or five days.

Another cultivation of considerable interest is that from the spores of a possibly new species, which I have named provisionally Didyynium comatum, from the abundant straight threads of which the capillitium is composed. It was found in March, 1899, growing in company with Dldnmium diffonne Duby on old fronds of hart's- tongue fern on the Undercliff at Lyme Regis. It is no doubt nearly allied to D. diffonne, and may prove to be merely a variety of it. It is most difficult to distinguish between the two forms in the field ; in both the egg-shell-like crust may be removed entire from the iridescent membranous inner sporangium-wall, though sometimes the two layers are closely adhering ; in D. comatum, however, the crystals forming the outer crust are often more stellate and less densely compacted than in D. dlfforme. In the first gatherings there was a marked difference between the spores of D. comatum and those of its ally ; they were paler and smaller ; they contracted into a boat-shape when placed in Hantsch's fluid or spirit, in consequence of one side being thinner than the other, as do also the spores of D. diffonne ; yet they lacked the dark branching lines usually present on the contracting side of the spores of the latter species. Gather- ings of D. comatum in April, 1900, from the Lyme Undercliff exhibited spores similar to those above described ; but another gathering of the species from a straw-yard in an open field at about the same date showed profuse slender capillitium, but had spores that could not be distinguished from the normal spores of D. diffonne.

The difference between the two forms resolves itself therefore into the structure of the capillitium, and in the behaviour under cultivation to be noticed in the following account : The capillitium of D. diffornii is sca,Qty, aid cm^isbs of stout and usually separate

8 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

scattered threads ; these branch upwards in a tree-like maimer, and are attached to the upper sporangium-wall by slender tips, and to the lower wall by broad bases. Ttie capillitium of the new form is very profuse, and consists of slender, usually straight threads con- nected together by a few anastomosing branches, and attached to the sporangium-wall above and below by narrow points. The colour varies in both species, but in D. di forme it is generally purple-brown ; in D. comatum it is almost always colourless, as far as can be ascertained from the comparatively limited material at hand. Beside the Lyme Regis gatherings a small specimen was obtained from near Luton in February, 1893, with profuse colour- less capillitium and pale spores, precisely similar to those of the sporangia first collected on the Lyme undercliff.

No specimens have been found with capillitium intermediate in character between these strikingly diverging forms. In order to ascertain by cultivation whether the peculiar features of D. comatum would remain constant, the following experiment was made : — On March 9th, 1899, spores were sown in a hanging drop. In about six hours every spore appeared to have germinated, and the preparation teemed with swarm-cells. Three other cultures were put down in watch-glasses on March 10th, and at the same time spores were scattered over a piece of scalded blotting-paper, together with some boiled cress-seeds. As a check experiment, spores of D. di forme, gathered with D. coynatum, were also sown on similarly prepared blotting-paper. I may mention that in cultivations of D. di forme from spores sporangia almost invariably begin to appear in about a fortnight ; on one occasion, when the spores were sown with seeds of Plantago lanceolata, sporangia formed in eight days. In the case of this check experiment well-formed sporangia appeared in about fifteen days from the date of sowing, with characteristic coarse capillitium, which varied in quantity and was reduced in the very small sporangia to one or two threads, or was altogether wanting. This corresponded with former experience, when cultivations of this species have been carried on for many generations in suc- cession. It was not until forty days after the spores of D. comatum were sown — that is to say, on April 19th — that the first minute sporangia appeared in the blotting-paper preparation ; others con- tinued to develop until April 30th, when thirty- eight sporangia could be counted ; but they were so small that they could hardly be seen without the aid of a lens. Every one examined, even the most minute, had profuse slender colourless capillitium and pale spores of precisely the same character as that of the parent sporangia. In the watch-glass experiments no Plasmodium formed until May 2nd, or fifty-three days after sowing, and this occurred in only one of the glasses ; it increased to more than a millimetre across, and appeared to be quite healthy, when an accident prevented further observation.

As far as it goes, this culture points to a specific difference between D. diforme and D. comatum,, but in the face of the straw- ■ yard gathering before referred to it seems safer to mark the new form as T). diforme var. comatum.

SOME BRITISH VIOLETS. By Edmund G. Baker, F.L.S.

The following are notes on some British violets of the Melanium section which have been sent to the Natural History Museum clurino- the last few months. ^

It may be well to group the plants referable to V. tricolor L. (sensu lat.), if we are dealing with British forms alone, under five or six heads ; if plants occurring on the Continent were dealt with, these groups would include about double this number.*

Viola Pesneaui Lloyd, Fl. Ouest. ed. 3, p. 43 (1876) ; V. Curtisii Forster /? Pesneaui Eouy & Foucaud, Fl. France, iii. 50 (1896). This plant belongs to the group of which F. Curtisii Forst. is the representative species. The group is only a small one, all the members being found near the sea ; the diagnostic characters con- trasting with the other groups being drawn from the stipule and the flower. The former organ is nearly palmatipartite with straight, linear, narrow and pointed lateral segments. The flowers are not so large as in V. hitea Huds., but larger than in V. arvensis Murr.

V. Curtisii Forst. was first described in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2693, from Braunton Burrows, where it was gathered by William Curtis,! and cultivated in his garden. The roots are fibrous ; the stem is angular and rough. The lower leaves oval, or suborbicular, subcordate ; the others oval-lanceolate or lanceolate. The bracteoles are placed below the curvature. The petals are generally a little longer than the calyx, " yellowish with blackish branched radiating lines, the lateral paler than the lower, the upper whitish " ; but British specimens which have been referred to this species present great variation as to size of flower.

V. Pesneaui Lloyd differs from the above more particularly in the violet colour of the flowers, the upper petals being of a deeper hue. Other alleged differences are that the bracteoles are either placed on the curvature or a very little below, and that the plant is more pubescent, and that the lobes of the stipules are rather larger.

Specimens agreeing with this plant in all its principal charac- teristics have been received from Mr. D. A. Jones, gathered at

* The representative species of these groups for British and Western Continental forms would be as follows (see also Eouy & Foucaud Fl de France, ni. p. 40) :— (1.) V. hortensis DC. (pro varietate), Prod. i. p. 303. (2. V. saxatihs Schmidt, Fl. Boh. iii. p. 60. (3.) V. tricolor L. Sp. PI. p. 935 (4.) F. arvensis^ Murray, Prod. Stirp. Gott. p. 73. (5.) V. Oly.siponensis Eouy

n^ooJ^^S'];. ^''""- ^- '^^- ^^'^- ^ ^1^^^^)' P- 114; & in Bol. Soc. Brot. vi. p. 1^3 (i8b«). (b.) V. Kitaibeliana Eoem. & Schultes, Syst. 5, p. 383 (7) V

rTt ^'n^°\?".^' ^^'- P^- '^^- P- ^- (S-) ^' ^"'•^'^^« Foi'st. in Eng. Bot! t. ^byd. (9.) V. Vivariensis Jord. Obs fragm. i. p. 19, t. 2. (10 ) V Rotho- magensis Desf. Cat. p. 153. (12.) F. lutea Huds. Fl. Angl. ed i. p 331 If Central and Eastern European plants were also included, several species, such asV Hijmettia Boiss. & Heldr. and F. Mercurii Orphanides, would have to be added.

t A specimen from Curtis from Forster's Herbarium is in the National Herbarium.

10 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

Mochras, near Harlech, Merionethshire. It may be well to give a description drawn up partly from a specimen sent me by Mr. Lloyd many years ago, and partly from Mr. Lloyd's notes : —

V. CuRTisii Forster f3 Pesneaui Rouy & Foucaud, Flore de France, iii. p. 50 (1896) ; V. Rothomntfrnsh Pesneau, Cat. Loire- Infer, ed. 2, non Des-f. ; V. Pesneaui Lloyd, Fl. Quest, ed. iii. p. 43 (1876). Root slender. Stems numerous, covered with a fine pubescence. Lower leaves oval, the petiole being generally rather longer than the lamina, the intermediate oval or oval-lanceolate, the upper lanceolate, all crennlate-dentate ; described as being longer than the internodes, but in the specimens not always so. Stipules with somewhat arcuate, narrow, ciliate, lateral lobes. Peduncles several times longer than the leaves. Bracteoles de- scribed as being situated on or a very little below the curvature ; in the specimens examined they are always below the curvature. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, shorter than the corolla, finally somewhat of a violet colour, with appendages distinctly passed by the straight spur of the corolla. Upper petals violet, lateral also violet a little ascending, lower at first whitish then violet, yellow at the base with seven rays, covering the lower base of the lateral petals. Capsule rounded oval, very obtuse, a little shorter than the sepals.

V. sabnlosa Boreau, an allied plant, differs in having longer narrower leaves.

V. Pesneaui Lloyd is in the Index Kewensis reduced to V. Rothomar/ensis Desf., the Rouen violet. The former is a plant of the seashore, the latter is synonymous with V. hispida Lam. — a very hispid plant, first described from specimens obtained in the neighbourhood of Belboeuf, a short distance from Rouen.

There is a very interesting plant allied to V. Pesneaui in the British Museum Herbarium, gathered by Messrs. Britten and Nicholson on the sand-hills at Southport in 1882. The flowers are for the most part violet, and the spur is singularly long and slender. It is apparently at present without a name. Mr. Arthur Bennett informs me he has had the same plant in his herbarium from coast sand-hills, Wallasey, Cheshire, collected by Mr. J. W. Burton. The Mullaghmore form, named by my father V. Sywei, also belongs to this group, there being numerous puzzling inter- mediates between the different named forms.

V. cARPATicA Borbas in Koch's Synopsis, ed. iii. p. 222 (1892). Mr. J. A. Wheldon has recently sent for comparison specimens of a violet gathered on arable laud reclaimed from Cockerham peat moss, West Lancashire. The plant bore certain points of resem- blance to V. pohjckroma Kerner, but did not entirely agree with this species, and I submitted it to Prof. Borbas, of Budapest, an authority on this group of plants. He identifies it as his F. carpatica, a plant which is not uncommon in the Carpathian Alps, and which he states {op. cit.) = V. declmata x tricolor var. subalpina.^^

* It must, however, be remembered that V. decUnata W. & K. has not been recorded as British.

SOME BRITISH VIOLETS

11

This plant belongs to the group of plants of which the repre- sentative is V. saxatilis Schmidt. These are plants generally of montane or submontane regions. The head-quarters of the group mav be said to be perhaps the Pyrenees, but F. lepida Jordan has been recorded for Britain, and in France has the following distri- bution,!.^. Morbihan, Charente-Inferieure, Ardennes, Meuse ; V. Froiwstii Boreau in France reaches Finistere and Morbihan ; and V. contempta Jordan, Morbihan, Manche, so that representatives of this group should be further searched for in this country. The members of this group are allied, on the one hand, to the group of V. Intea Huds., and on the other to that of V. tricolor (sensu stricto). With the former they agree in having rather showy flowers with petals always longer than the sepals, and being perennials and subperennials. In the shape of the stipules they agree rather with the latter, those organs beiuij pinnately partite ; while in V. lutea they are digitately multipartite. The following is a short description of V. carpatica, drawn up from specimens kindly sent by Prof. Borbas : —

Root not seen. Stems elongate, internodes about 3 cm. long. Leaves ciliolate. Upper and middle leaves distinctly petiolate, lamina oblong or oblong-lanceolate (differing in this respect from V. pohjchroma Kerner, where the lamina is broader), grossly serrate- crenate, sharply contracting to petiole, about 2-2-5 cm. long., and less than 1 broad. Stipule ciliolate. pinnately divided, middle lobe of stipule entire, narrow oblong, larger than the lateral lobes, which are acute. Peduncles much longer than the leaves ; bracteoles sometimes just below the curvature, sometimes 1-5 cm. below. Sepals subacuminate, shorter than spur. Petals longer than sepals, violet-coloured, the lowest and lateral with radiating black lines, yellowish white in the throat, very similar to those of V. pohjchroma kerner. The longitudinal diameter of flower is rather over 2 cm. Capsule oblong, pointed a little shorter, or nearly as long as sepals.

The plant submitted to Prof. Borbas from Cockerham moss agrees with the above in almost every particular except that the middle lobe of all but the upper stipules is somewhat crenate- serrate and rather longer.

V. NANA Corbiere, Fl. Normand. p. 81 (1893). This is one of the most distinct of the forms of Viola coming under V. tricolor. It is not recognized in the London Catalogue, but is the plant named 7. nemausensis Jord. by Trimen in this Journal for 1871, p. 99. T'. nemausensis is now by some authors considered synonymous with F. Kitaiheliana Roem. & Schultes. This plant would then be F. Kitaiheliana Roem. & Schultes var. y nana Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. de France, iii. p. 49 {V. tricolor L. var. tt nana J)C. Prod. i. p. 304).*

The distribution of this variety in France is maritime sands in Calvados, Manche, Vendee, Charente-Inferieure, and Gironde. Trimen's specimens in the National Herbarium are from St. Aubyn's

* V. tenella Poir. Diet. p. 644 was referred to this variety by De Candolle in the Frodromus.

12

THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

Bay, Jersey, and Mr. C. P. Andrews has recently presented to the Herbarium a good series from sand-hills near Rousse Towers, Guernsey. This is probably the plant referred to by Babington (in Manual, 8th ed. p. 44) as a small form from Scilly of V. arvensis Murr., very like V. parvula Tineo.

NOTES ON AFEICAN CONVOLVULACE^. By a. B. Rendle, M.A., D.Sc.

The following notes have accumulated during the working out of several collections which have been recently presented to the Department of Botany from various parts of Tropical Africa. These include the plants of Mr. Scott Elliot's expedition to British East Africa and Mt. Ruwenzori ; Dr. Donaldson Smith's i^lants from Somaliland and the district around Lake Rudolph ; Lord Delamere's plants from British East Africa ; Dr. Rand's plants from Rhodesia; and small collections made in British East Africa by Mr. S. L. Hinde, and in the Congo Region by Mr. W. H. Migeod.

In the course of this work the material in the National Her- barium has been to a great extent revised and rearranged, and has afforded material for various critical notes, as well as several new species, especially among the South African plants. In connection with the latter, it seemed well to compare the material from the Cape in the Trinity College, Dublin, Herbarium. This I have been able to do at leisure by the unfailing courtesy of Dr. Perceval Wright, who sent over the whole of his South African Convol- vulacese ; and I take this opportunity of recording my gratitude to him.

In the limitation and arrangement of genera I have in the main followed Dr. Hans Hallier, to whom most of the recent work on the Order is due. In several instances I find myself at variance with him on the limitation of species, especially of those adopted in his later papers ; I do not think that any useful purpose is served by sinking a large number of readily distinguishable species to make a sort of species-aggregate, which is then broken up into subspecies, varieties, and forms. The relative value of characters is at present largely a matter of individual opinion ; and if a plant can be easily distinguished by characters which are generally considered to be of specific importance, it should, except in special cases, be regarded as a specific entity. It is thus more easy to manipulate, and becomes comparable with the average species.

The specimens, except where otherwise stated, will be found in the National Herbarium.

Ipomcea (§ Calycanthemum).

I. gracilisepala sp. nov. Suffrutex caulibus elongatis pro- stratis ramosis subteretibus breviter hirsutulis ; foliis inter minores, hastatis cum basi triangulare et lobis basalibus margine lobulatis,

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACE^ 13

apice obtusiusculis, facie superiore atrato-viride, glabra cum punc- tulis pellucidis notata, facie inferiore sparse pilosa cum nervo mediaiio venisque pinnatis valde asceudentibus prominentibus, breviter petiolatis ; floribus solitariis vel geminis, pedunculis obsol- etis, bracteolis lineari-lanceolatis acutis pilosis, pedicellis quam folia brevioribus, pubescentibus ; sepalis e basi lanceolata lineari-acumi- natis, ^qualibus, dorso marginibusque breviter pilosis ; corolla marcida, ut apparet tubuloso-campauulata et calycem baud super- ante, luteola (?), areis mesopetalis nervis binis conspicuis definitis ; staminibus subsequalibus, tubo inclusis, antlieris elliptico-sagittatis ; stigmate subgloboso ; capsula pilosa biloculare, cum valvis 4 dehis- ceute ; seminibus 4, breviter et appresse cinereo-pilosis.

Described from a shoot broken below the apex, 60 cm. long, not exceeding 2 mm. in diameter. Leaves reaching 4 cm. long by barely 1-5 cm. broad at the hastate base. Bracteoles 6-8 mm. long by 1-1-5 mm. broad ; flowering pedicels 6-12 mm. long, increasing in the fruit to 1-7 to 2 cm. Sepals 1 cm. long, 2-2-5 mm. broad, in- creasing in the fruit to 1-5 cm. in length and 3 mm. broad in the lower part, the linear acuminate apex becoming incurved. Corolla apparently about equal to the calyx in length, with a tube 2 mm. in diameter. Filaments 2-5-3 mm. long, anthers a little over 1 mm. ; style 3-5 mm. long. Fruit globose, 7-8 mm. in diameter ; seeds 4-4-5 mm. long, 1*75-2 mm. broad.

A very distinct species of the section, perhaps nearest to I. his- pida E. & Sch., which it resembles in habit, but is distinguished by its hastate leaves, with triangular not cordate base, solitary or geminate stalked flowers, and long attenuated sepals.

Hab. South Africa, Zeijher, 1846, no. 1224.

I. Hindeana sp. nov. Suffrutex humilis ramo abbreviato (in specimine singulo) sparse hirsutulo ; foliis oblongo-hastatis, obtusis, basi subcordata, lobis rotundatis, facie superiore glabra hispidula, atrate viride, facie inferiore in venis venulisque sparse hirsutula, margine breviter hirsutulo, petiolis tenuibus, aequilongis vel quam lamina paullo brevioribus, hirsutulis; pedunculis tenuibus petiolos sequantibus vel excedentibus, glabrescentibus, floribus 2 mono- chasialibus ; bracteolis lanceolatis acutis, pedicello glabro subfili- forme pedunculum sub^quante ; sepalis lanceolatis acutis, dorso sparse hirsutulis ; corolla infundibuliforme calycem 2^-plo ex- cedente, albo (?), areis mesopetalis distinctis, sparsissime pilosulis, cum venis binis luridis conspicue limitatis.

The specimen consists of a slender branch, 1 cm. long, spring- ing from a short stouter woody shoot, 1-5 mm. in diameter, and bearing a few crowded leaves at the apex, in the axil of each of which springs an inflorescence. Leaves to 2 cm. long by 1 cm. broad at the base ; basal lobes spreading, barely 3 mm. broad ; petioles 1-5-2 cm. long. Peduncle 2-3 cm. long, bracteoles -5 cm. long, pedicel of opened flower (terminal) equal to the peduncle (2 cm.). Sepals 1 cm. long by 2 mm. broad at the base. Corolla 2-5 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad at the mouth.

A very distinct species, the flowers resembling those of /. mom- bassana Hall, f., but the sepals show no trace of the basal auricles

14

THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

which characterise those of the latter species. The leaf and flower also recall I. obscura Chois., hut the hirsutulous narrow pointed sepals at once distinguish it.

Hab. British East Africa. Machakos, S. L. Himie, 1896. I. cEAssiPEs Hook. In Bull. Herb. Boiss. vii. 44-48, Dr. Hallier has elaborated this species, extending it to include a number of species previously described by himself and others. These are arranged under ten varieties, and one variety is further divided into subvarieties. I have not seen all the specimens cited in the above arrangement, but, after carefully working through the accessible material, I find myself somewhat at variance with the conclusions. For instance, if I. kewittioides Hall. f. becomes I. cmssipes var. heivittioides, why is not 1. fulvicaulis (Aniseia fulvictiulis Hoclist.), to which 1. heivittiuides shows far more resemblance than to typical I. crassipes, also included as a variety ? The same question arises with other species, e.g. /. asperifolia Hall. f. ; in fact, once start making these species-aggregates, and it is not easy to stop. Dr. Hallier, having gone so far, should certainly have gone farther. I have tried to arrange the forms in question in accordance with the more generally accepted views on the limitation of species, with the following results : —

1. crassipes Hook. (/. calystegioides E. Meyer) comprises the South African forms included by Hallier under var. genuina, var. long epe dune ulata, var. ovata, and probably var. thunbergioides, from the description. These hang together fairly well, varying in the greater or less hairiness, breadth of leaf, length of peduncle, and moderate to large lanceolate to ovate bracteoles. Var. iikambensis Hall, f., which is I. ukambemis Vatke, in LinniBa, xliii. 510, from East Tropical Africa, must, I think, be regarded as a distinct species closely allied to /. crassipes, but differing in the markedly rounded apex of its oblong leaves. Var. Jiewittioides Hall. f. (/. kewittioides Hall f.), in Engl. Jahrb. xviii. 127 (Dec. 1893), /. andowjejise Rendle and Britten in Journ. Bot. 1894, 171, an Angolan plant, is, as I have already indicated, very distinct, and more nearly allied to /. fidvicaidis, both in form of leaf and in the dense several-flowered inflorescence.

Hallier also suggests that another Angolan species (i. adumbrata Rendle and Britten in Journ. Bot. 1894, 173) may be synonymous with his var. ononoides from the Transvaal. I have seen no authenticated specimens of the variety, but should prefer to retain /. adumbrata as a distinct species of the affinity of /. crassipes, but separated by the shorter, proportionately broader, very obtuse leaves, and small slender almost linear bracteoles.

1. Greenstockii Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1896, 35, is also indicated as a synonym of the species (p. 44) ; in fact, if we exclude the two Nyassaland specimens which are on p. 46 tentatively referred to var. akambensis, it remains as the sole typical representative. It is, however, a distinct form with dwarfed growth, short crowded ascending to suberect branches, and long narrow suberect leaves ; and, whether or no specifically distinct, is certainly far from typical.

On this view of the species there are left two plants not yet

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACEiE 15

accounted for, which, though doubtless inseparable from Dr. Hauler's aggregate, must, I think, in the more usual acceptance of the term, be regarded as distinct species ; their descriptions follow.

I. sarmentacea, sp. nov. Sufirutex caulibus tenuibus lignosis e basi crassa lignosa brunnea eforuie prostratis, fiexuosis, teretibus, tortulis, ut sunt petioli, nervi in fohorum dorso prominentes, pedun- culi, bracteolc^, et sepala tenuiter hispiduhs ; foliis oblongo-ovatis, obtusis, basi breviter subcordatis vel retusis, facie superiore saturate viride, parciter appresse pilosa, facie inferiore veuulosa, petiolis brevibus ; pedunculis unifloris quam folia ^-i-brevioribus, bracteolis parvis, anguste lanceolatis acuminatis, a calyce paullo remotis • sepalis binis exterioribus ovatis basi vix ampliatis acutis, interiori- bus angustioribus ; corolla tubiiloso-infundibulare, calycem duplo excedente, ut apparet purpurea.

Shoots 20-40 cm. long, a little over 1 mm. in maximum breadth. Leaves 2-5-5-5 cm. long by 1-8-2 cm. broad, the under surface a much lighter green than the upper, and chased with the darker and decreasmgly prominent midrib, ascending lateral veins, and often ladder-like cross unions. Petioles 5-7 mm. long. Peduncles (in- cluding pedicel) of open flowers 1-2-1-5 cm. long, bracteoles 7-8 mm. long by 1-5-1 -75 mm. broad. Outer sepals 12 to barely 15 mm. long by 5-6 mm. broad, the two innermost (1-5 cm. long) linear, tapering from a base scarcely exceeding 2 mm. broad, the intermediate lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long. Corolla nearly 8-5' cm. long, tube a little over 2 cm. long, and 5-6 mm. in diameter about the middle, spread of mouth of corolla 2-8 cm.

The vegetative characters closely resemble, from the description {I.e. p. 49), those of Hallier's /. crassipes var. r/randifolia, but the peduncles are shorter (2-7 cm. in the variety), the small bracteoles narrow-lanceolate, not linear, and the sepals only about half as broad, those of var. grandifolia being described as "1 cm. lata" ; the corolla is also larger. The new species has the broad ovate outer sepals of /. crassipes, but in the form of leaf approaches I./u/vicaiilis ; the latter, however, differs in the density and colour of its tomentum, several-flowered heads, &c.

Hab. Transvaal ; Pilgrim's Rest, Rev. \V. (J-reenstock, 1879.

I. bellecomans, sp. nov. Suffrutex cinereo-pilosa, cauhbus robustis sublaxiter foliatis, ramosis, siccis stepe compressis, baud sohdis, ramis s«pe strictis, patentibus ; foliis parvis, breviter petio- latis ovatis obtusis basi interdum truncatis, utrinque densissime cmereo-pilosis ; pedunculis unifloris, folia excedentibus ; bracteolis a calyce remotis, ovatis ; sepalis externis maguis ovatis ad folia simihbus sed acutis, internis admodum angustioribus e basi lanceo- lata acuminatis ; corolla (marcida) ut apparet roseo-purpurea in- fundibuliforme et calycem plus duplo excedente, in areis mesopetalis pile sola.

The longest shoot (broken at the base) in the specimens measures 55 cm. m length, and 3 mm. in breadth ; the shoots, like the branches, are somewhat densely covered with soft rather short whitish hairs'

16 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

the covering becoming denser, almost as on the leaves, in the young tops. Leaves generally about 1*5 cm. long by 6-7 mm. broad, rarely somewhat exceeding this ; on the shorter branches often much smaller, becoming oblong-ovate or lanceolate in shape. Peduncles 1-5-3 cm. long, bracteoles 8-10 mm. long by 2-5-3 mm. broad, pedicels generally 1 cm. long. Outer sepals 1-5 cm. long by -5 cm. broad just above the base, the innermost 3 mm. broad. Corolla apparently about 3 cm. long.

Near I. crassipes, but distinguished by habit, the dense ash- coloured covering of hairs, the short bluntly ovate leaves, and the ovate outer sepals with a rounded and not enlarged base. Apparently near I. crassipes var. strigosa Hall, f., which I have not seen.

Hab. South Africa, Zeyher, 1846, no. 1213. Transvaal, Apies river, Burke, no. 347.

The following plants, not previously cited, are included in those South African forms which I regard as representing I. crassipes : —

Var. GENUiNA Hall. f. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vii. 46.

South Africa, Zeyher, 1846, nos. 1210, 1212. Natal, Macalis- berg, Burke, no. 353, "flowering in October" ; and no. 177 (in herb. Trin. Coll. Dublin).

Var. LONGEPEDUNCULATA Hall. f. /. c. 45.

Zululand, W. T. Gerrard, no. 1330.

Var. ovATA Hall. f. I.e. 47.

Natal, near Newcastle, alt. 4000 ft., J. M. Wood, no. 6242, ''flowers rose-purple," Jan. 1897; and, without precise locality, J. Sanderson, 1860, no. 276 (in herb. Trin. Coll. Dublin).

In the Catalogue of Welwitsc/i's African Plants, i. 732, two numbers are assigned to /. crassipes Hook. No. 6128 is /. adum- brata Rendle & Britten, and in my opinion is a distinct species. No. 6130 is a small dwarfed specimen bearing only young flower- buds, and may represent a new species allied to /. crassipes on the one hand, and I. blepharophylla on the other. It differs from the former in the subequal ovate sepals, the innermost only being conspicuously smaller, and the oblong leaves with rounded apex and base recalling those of typical I. blepharophylla, which is, however, distinguished by its narrowly ovate sepals.

I. OBLONGATA E. Meycr var. hirsuta, var. nov. Foliis ovato- oblongis utrinque marginibusque dense et subferrugine hirsutis ; bracteolis sepalisque dorso hirsutis.

Leaves generally between 3 and 4-5 cm. long by 1-2-1-5 cm. broad, covered with a somewhat dense covering of rather long appressed stiftish hairs with a tuberculate base. Similar but often paler hairs occur on the bracteoles and sepals.

Hab. South Africa, Zeyher, 1846, no. 1208. Natal, Macalis- berg, Burke, no. 179 (in herb. Trin. Coll. DubUn).

I. Lambtoniana, sp. nov. Suffrutex caulibus elongatis prostra- tis sparse hispidulis denique glabris; foliis cordato-ovatis, breviter petiolatis, apice abrupte acutiusculis, sparsissime pilosis, venulosis prsesertim in pagina inferiore ; pedunculis folia baud aequantibus, unifloris, basi articulatis, bracteolis anguste lineari-lanceolatis a

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACEiE 17

calyce paullo remotis velut pedunculis hispidulis ; sepalis ovato- lanceolatis, acutis, dorso plus minus hispidulis; tribus interioribus, duos externos paullo excedentibus ; corolla infundibuliforme, pur- purea, calycem plus duplo excedente, areis mesopetalis valde limi- tatis, 3-5-nerviis.

Described from a shoot cut off at the base, and 80 cm. long and 2 mm. greatest diameter. Leaves reaching 5 cm. long by 3-7 cm. broad, becoming smaller as we ascend the shoot ; petioles to 1 cm. long; midrib and pinnae subpromiuent on the under leaf-surface, pinn^ 5-6 on each side, spreadiug-ascendent, the two lower arising just above the leaf-base ; the reticulate connecting veins conspicuous on both surfaces in the dried leaf, but especially on the under. Peduncles -5-3 cm. long, jointed at the base ; bracteoles 5-6 mm. long, less than 1 mm. broad, 2-4 mm. below the calyx. Sepals 12-14 mm. long by about 4 mm. broad. Corolla 3-5 cm. long, tube 7 mm. in diameter (when dried and pressed), spreading to about 3-5 cm. at the mouth.

Near /. oblongata E. Meyer, but distinguished by its cordate- ovate leaves and jointed peduncles.

Hab. Natal, near Ladysmith, April, 1861, W. T. Gerrard, no. 622 ; *' a trailer with purple flowers." Specimen in herb. Trin. Coll. Dublin.

I. sublucens, sp. nov. Suffrutex ramosus, cauhbus ramisque ut tota planta sublucenter et albide sericeo-pubescentibus, lignosis, flexuosis, siccis angulatis compressis, non solidis ; foliis oblongo vel elliptico-ovatis, apice rotundatis, basi subcordatis, petiolos triplo excedentibus, in facie superiore sparsius, in facie inferiore margini- busque densius, et in foUis junioribus lucenter, albide serfceo- pubesceutibus ; pedunculis uniflods, quam folia duplo brevioribus ; bracteolis ad_ calycem subapproximatis, lineari-spatulatis ; sepalis anguste ovatis, exterioribus latioribus acutis, interioribus acumi- natis; corolla purpurea quam calyx triplo longiore, ut apparet infundibuliforme, areis mesopetalis bene definitis, dorso albide- pilosis.

The specimen consists of a branched shoot nearly 70 cm. long, which, especially in the younger parts, bears a short white some- what shining pubescence ; the angular internodes reach 2 mm. in diameter. Leaves 4-5-6-5 cm. long, 2-3*5 cm. or rarely 4 cm. broad ; petioles 2 cm. or less ; midrib broad, prominent on the back of the blade, lateral veins pinnate, subprominent, ascending, crowded at the base of the leaf ; the back and margin in the young still plicate leaves bears a dense shining silky pubescence, which on the back becomes less bright and dense in the older leaves. Peduncles 2-5-3 cm. long ; bracteoles about 1-5 cm. long, barely reaching 3 mm. in breadth below the apex. Sepals l'5-l-7 cm. long, 4 mm. or less in breadth, the inner narrower and sHghtly larger than the outer. Corolla much withered and eaten, 4-5 cm. long.

A very distinct species, perhaps nearest I. oblongata E. Mey., but differing in its silky whitish covering, larger leaves, longer bracteoles, &c.

Hab. Port Natal ; Miss Owen, in herb. Trin. Coll. Dublin.

Journal OF Botany.— Vol. 39. [Jan. 1901.] o

18 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

I. Randii, sp. nov. Snffrutex ferrugine hirsutiilus, caulibus validis prostratis, subtriangularibus ; foliis ovatis apice rotimdatis, basi truncatis, petiolatis, lamina petiolum quadruple excedeute, venis conspicuis ; floribus inter majores, solitariis, pedicellatis, pedicellis quam folia triplo brevioribus ; bracteolis sub calyce, an- guste lineari-lanceolatis ; sepalis acuminatis, exterioribus ovatis, interioribus lanceolatis, dorso dense ferrugine hirsutulis ; corolla pupurea, calycem plus duplo excedente, fasciis mesopetalis cum nervo distincto utrinque limitatis, dorso superne hirsutulis ; fructu ....

The strong horizontal shoots are about 3 mm. broad, and bear, like the leaf-stalks and pedicels, numerous short stiffish reddish brown hairs, internodes 2-4 cm. long. Petioles 1*5-2 cm. long ; blades 7-8 cm. long by 4-4-5 cm. broad just above the base, bear- ing numerous short appressed pale brownish or ferruginous stiffish hairs on each side, and a dense marginal covering. Peduncles 2-4 cm. long, bracteoles about 1-5 cm. long, 2-2-5 mm. broad, and, like the sepals, densely hirsutulous on the back ; sepals about 2 cm. long, scarcely 5-7 mm. broad, diminishing in breadth from the outer to the inner; corolla (withered) scarcely 5-5 cm. long, presumably infundibuliform.

Near 1. eloiujata E. Meyer, but distinguished by the much larger leaves, the ferruginous hair-covering, and the larger densely hairy sepals.

Hah. Rhodesia; Bulawayo, Dr. Rand, no. 271, December, 1897.

I. Robertsiana, sp. nov. Sufi'ratex hirsutulus caulibus prostratis; foliis parvis, lineari-lanceolatis, breviter petiolatis ; floribus soli- tariis, pedunculis folia ^quantibus, majoribus, bracteolis 2, anguste linearibus, ad calycem approximatis ; sepalis lanceolatis ad ovatis, acuminatis, hirsutulis, interioribus latioribus ; corolla puri)urea, late infundibuliforme glabra, fasciis mesopetalis cum nervis 3 dis- tinctis lineatis ; staminibus valde inclusis ; stigmate subgloboso ; fructu ....

The long spreading shoots have a somewhat sparse covering of short stiffish white hairs, which are present also on the leaf -stalks, the margin and backs of the leaves, the flower-stalks, bracteoles, and the backs of the sepals ; the upper leaf-surfaces are glabrous, and the leaves are often folded on the midrib. Leaves on well- developed shoots about 3 cm. long by -5 cm. broad, with a petiole of 2-3 mm. Flower-peduncles 2-3-5 cm. long, bracteoles 1 cm. or a little less ; sepals scarcely 1*5 cm. long by 3-5-5 mm. broad ; expanded corolla 5 cm. long by nearly as broad.

Near I. elongata E. Meyer, but distinguished at once by its linear-lanceolate shortly stalked leaves, and longer flower-stalks. Recalls I. argyreioides Chois. (I. cana E. Mey.) in habit and leaf- form, but the smaller leaves and general hairiness of the whole plant distinguish it.

Hab. Transvaal ; Pilgrim's Rest, Rev. W. Greenstock, 1879.

I. Scotellii Rendle, sp.nov. Suffrutex humilis hirsutulus cauli- bus tenuibus brevibus, e basi lignosa flexuose difl'usis ; foliis trun- cato-cordatis, apice rotundatis interdum subemarginatis, petiolos

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACEJE 19

flexuosos excedentibus ; dichasiis axillaribus, sessilibus, bracteolis anguste Imeari-lanceolatis ; floribus inter mediocres, breviter pedi- cellatip ; sepalis dorso dense hirsutulis, externis ellipticis snbacutis, internis hneari-angustatis acutis ; corolla purpurea tubuloso-in- fundibuhforme, fasciis mesopetalis dorso hirsutulis, conspicue tri- nervns ; stigmate subgloboso ; fructu ....

A small low-growing plant with a stout woody caudex, from which spring a number of slender, very flexuose shoots, 5-9 cm. long, and 1-5-2 mm. thick, which, like the petioles, are densely covered with short stiffish flexuosely-spreading yellowish-brown hairs. Leaf-stalks 1-5-2-2 cm. long by about 1 mm. broad, leaves 2-5-3-5 cm. long, and generally as broad, densely covered on both surfaces, especially on the veins, with short stiffish appressed hairs springing from a small indurated base. Flower-buds bluntly coni- cal. Pedicels 4 mm. long or less, bracteoles -5 cm. long, hairy on the back like the leaves and the sepals, sepals 1 cm. long, the outer 4 mm., the inner less than 1 mm. broad. Corolla (withered) 2-2 cm. long, tube barely 2 mm. broad above the base.

Near I. asperifoHa Hall, f., but distinguished by having leaves

about as broad as long, and by the elliptical not ovate outer sepals.

Hab. Shire, Urundi, 4-5000 ft., G, F. Scott Elliot, 1893-4,

no. 8373. '

I. cARDiosEPALA Hochst. cx Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix 429 (Ipomcea catycina Clarke in Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 201, non Meissn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vii. 260.)

Rhodesia ; Bulawayo, Br. Rand, no. 366, May, 1898.

Section Dasygh^tia. ment '"'"''''iS^' IQ^^^""' '^''"^^"' ^" ^^^^^' ^^^^ pAanzengeogr. Docu-

Suffrutex fulve hirsutus, caulibus ramisque valde diffusis, ro- bustis angulatis compressis non sohdis ; foliis ovatis ad oblon^o- ovatis rarms oblongis, obtusis mucronulatis, utrinque hirsutulis petiolos s^pe triplo excedentibus ; pedunculis folia sub^equantibus vel paullo brevioribus, 1-pluri-floris; floribus magnis brevissime pedicellatis, bracteohs hneari-subulatis, sicut sepaUs subsimilibus sed e basi latiore acuminatis, dorso hirsutulis; corolla carnea in- tundibuhforme calycem plus duplo superante, areis mesopetahs valde limitatis plurmerviis sparse pilosis.

The strong hollow spreading shoots are conspicuously flattened

«rffi T^ u ""^f .^'•'^' ^-^ ^^^- ^^ ^^^^^^1^' ^"^^ bear numerous stiffish yellowish hairs, a similar covering being found on the leaves and inflorescence as far as the exposed backs of the sepals Leaves 5-5-10 cm. long by generally between 2-5-4-5 cm. broad above the base, rarely narrower or broader ; petioles generallv between 1-5-4-5 cm. long. Peduncles 4-5-11 cm. long, bracteoles and sepals 1.5-2 cm. long, the former 1-5-2 mm., the latter to d mm. broad m the lower part pedicels 4 mm. or less. Corolla crimson, 5 to nearly 7 cm. long, 4 cm. broad at the mouth

Very near /. pellita Hall. f. in Engl. Jahrb. xviii. 130 (1893),

o2

20 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

but the latter is distinguished by its cordate leaves, and the very dense lucent hair-covering of leaves and stem.

I have written out this species as I cannot find that any de- scription has ever been published or reference made to it in any published account of the genus. It belongs to the section Dasy- chcBtia of Hallier's arrangement of his African species in Engler's Jahrbuch, xviii. 180. This section contains two species, the closely allied I. pellita and also I. linosepala Hall, f., collected by Welwitsch in Angola. HalHer refers to a third species, from Natal {Gerrard, no. 577), represented by incomplete specimens in the Vienna Her- barium, and having large ovate long-stalked leaves, remarkably long flower- stalks exceeding the leaves, and long linear bracts. I have little doubt that this is I. ovata E. Meyer, as in the Her- barium of Trinity College, Dublin, there is a specimen from the Nototi River, Natal, collected by W. T. Gerrard, consisting of a leaf and a fruit-bearing peduncle, both detached and broken at the base, which evidently belong to this species, and were so determined many years ago by Mr. J. G. Baker.

My description is based on specimens of Drege labelled ^'Ipomcea ovata E. Mey.," and others which agree with it, and, like it, come from Natal — namely, a specimen from near Camperdown {Medley Wood, no. 4999), and a specimen in the Dublin Herbarium labelled " Atterchff, J. Sanderson, Esq.'' It is possible that a larger series of specimens may show a more or less complete transition to I. pellita Hall, f., but whether or no the two are conspecific, it is worth while to have some account of a name, which, though included in the Index Keivensis and represented in herbaria by authenticated specimens, has nevertheless been overlooked by monographers.

Section Pharbitis.

I. cREPiDiFORMis Hallicr f . in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xviii. 131 (1893). I. tanganyikeyisis Baker in Kew Bullet. 1895, 70.

Var. MINOR, var. nov. Planta humiUs caulibus ascendentibus quam in specie minoribus, foliis parvis lineari-oblanceolatis, in- terdum lineari-oblougis.

Shoots 17-28 cm. long, 1-5-2 mm. thick; lower leaves smaller than the upper, which reach a length, including the short petiole (2-3 mm.), of 3-5-4 cm. long by 5-6 mm. broad. Peduncles to 7 cm. long, scarcely more than -5 mm. thick; flower-heads about 12 mm. across, the conical buds densely covered with a whitish silky pubescence. Bracteoles and sepals 1 cm. long, the latter reaching 1-5 mm. in breadth above the base, densely hairy on the back and margins. Corolla not quite 2-5 cm. long by 2 mm. in diameter at the base, apparently purplish in colour, the mid-petaline areas bounded by two strong nerves, with three less conspicuous nerves between.

Hab. British East Africa; Machakos, 5-6000 ft., G. F. Scott Elliot, no. 6391, 1893.

I. INVOLUCRATA Bcauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 52, t. 89.

Bhodesia; Salisbury, Dr, Rand, no. 561, July, 1898.

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACE^ 21

I. piLosA Sweet, Hort. Brit. 289 (1826).

Rhodesia ; Balawayo, Dr. Rand, no. 555, June, 1898.

I. KiLiMANDscHARi Dammer in Engl. Pflanz. Ost.-Afr. Th. C. 332 (Aug. 1895). I. ficifolia Lindl. var. laxlfiora subvar. parvijlora Hall. f. in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 35 (1899).

East Tropical Africa. " Higher slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro up to 10,000 ft. above Morang," Eev. W. E. Taylor, 1888,

I cannot follow Hallier in uniting this species with the South African LJicifolia Lindl. It is, I think, as near /. pilosa Sweet (= /. dichroa Choisy), and distinguished from both by the ovate-cor- date leaves, with a flower smaller than that of I.Jicifolia, and larger than that of I. pilosa.

I. Eenii, sp. nov. Suffrutex caulibus volubilibus albide- vel, in partibus junioribus, flavescente-pilosis ; foliis breviter petiolatis, palmato-3-partitis, segmentis lanceolatis vel anguste ellipticis acutis, lateralibus cum lobo basale instructis, pagina superiore, margine, et venis primariis secundisque paginae inferioris cum pilis flavescentibus indis, pagina inferiore venis exceptis breviter albo-tomentosa ; petiolis pedunculisque ut in caulibus pilosis ; pedunculis petiolos excedentibus 1- vel 2-floris ; bracteolis ad flores approximatis, ad sepala similibus ; sepalis lanceolatis, acumi- natis, dorso pilosis et margine ciliatis, tribus interioribus quam exteriora angustioribus ; corolla infundibuliforme calycem duplo su- perante, areis mesopetalis trinerviis ; genitalibus inchisis ; fructu . . .

The specimen consists of about 35 cm. of the upper part of two intertwining shoots which reach 1-5 mm. in thickness, and have a covering of soft whitish or, especially in the younger parts, pale yellowish hairs. The median leaf-segment reaches 2-5 cm. long by 8-10 mm. broad, the lateral are slightly smaller, and bear on the outside at the base a blunt roundish lobe 5-8 mm. long ; petioles barely reaching 2 cm. long. Peduncles 2-5 cm. long, bracteoles immediately beneath tlie flower and resembling the sepals, but slightly smaller, 8-9 mm. long by 2 mm. broad. Sepals 11 mm. long, the outer 3 mm., the innermost 1*5 mm. broad. Corolla 2-5 cm. long, spread at mouth about 2*5 cm. ; diameter of tube 6 mm., length about 1 cm. Filaments 6*5-9 mm. long. Ovary conical, style 6 mm. long, stigmas subrotund.

Apparently near I. Marpiusiana Schinz, which I have not seen, but which has much smaller bracteoles and flowers, longer-stalked leaves, &c.

Hab. Dammara Land, T. G. Ken, 1879.

I. Gerrardiana, sp. nov. Suffrutex volubilis, caulibus pra3- sertim junioribus flavide-pilosis ; foliis exacte cordatis, abrupte et breviter acuminatis, petiolum tenuem subaquantibus, in pagina su- periore breviter et appresse pilosis, et sparsius in veins venulisque paginae inferioris ; pedunculis folia aequantibus vel brevioribus, ut pedicellis depresso-pilosis, sEepe a dichasio 3-floro terminatis, interdum 5-floris ; bracteolis parvis linearibus caducis ; sepalis subsequalibus elliptico-lanceolatis ad lanceolatis, acutis, dorso prse- sertim basi marginibusque hirsutulis ; corolla alba, speciosa, ut

22 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

apparet campanulate-infundibuliforme, calycem circa 3-duplo ex- cedente, areis mesopetalis cum venis conspicuis binis limitatis ; filamentis elongatis, valde inaequalibus ; seminibus nigris, glabris.

Shoots hollow, subherbaceous, 2 mm. in diameter, somewhat hispidulously pilose, the yellowish hairs closely appressed on the younger parts. Leaves 2-5-5 cm. long, and as broad or slightly broader, thin and papery when dry, and, except the venation, glabrous on the lower face with subprominent spreading veins. Peduncles 2-5-6 cm. long ; pedicels 6-10 mm. long, lengthening in fruit to 1-5 cm. Sepals 8-10 mm. long, the outer 2-5 mm. broad, the innermost about 1*5 mm. Corolla about 3 cm. long. Stamens slender from a broad hairy base, 9-14 mm. long ; style 2 cm. long; anthers sagittate, 2-5 mm. long. Fruit about 7 mm. in diameter.

Closely allied to I. purjmrea Lam., but distinguished by its smaller white flowers.

Hab. Natal ; Ladysmith, April, 1861, W. T, Gerrard, no. 620. ** Probably an annual ; flowers small, white, showy." (To be continued.)

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF WEST LANCASHIRE. By J. A. Wheldon and Albert Wilson, F.L.S.

Several brief excursions into West Lancashire during 1900 have resulted in the discovery of a number of species apparently new to the vice-county, and also fresh stations for several plants which are interesting on account of their rarity in this district, or because they are extinct, or are threatened with extinction, in the only localities hitherto published.

The number of new plants, some of them of considerable interest, in the following list affords proof that West Lancashire will amply repay further exploration, and it is obvious that any botanist deciding to assist in the investigation of its flora will not go unrewarded.

Plants not mentioned in our previous list published in this Journal for 1900 (p. 40), or in any of the publications there quoted, are distinguished by an asterisk, and are presumed to be now first recorded for the vice-county. Casuals, aliens, and denizens have the obelisk sign prefixed, while colonists and natives are undistinguished. As we were unable always to make our botanical excursions in company, our individual contributions are indicated by the abbreviations Wh. and Wi. ; where no authority is quoted, the plant was found by the authors jointly.

We are much indebted to the Rev. W. M. Rogers for looking over our Rubi ; through his kind assistance we have been able to considerably extend the known range of many of our forms ; but a list of these does not fall within the scope of this article as defined in the opening paragraph. We have also to specially thank Messrs.

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF WEST LANCASHIRE 23

E. G. Baker, E. S. Marshall, H. & J. Groves, and F. Townsend, for naming critical species or confirming our own determinations. Without such help we should not have ventured to publish some of the species and varieties of the list.

Ranunculus Baudotii Godr. This has proved to be frequent in suitable localities near the coast, from Preston to the Heysham Peninsula.

\-''Sisy)iibnwn pannonicnm, Jacq. [S. Sinapistrum Crantz). Scattered abundantly over a considerable area near the Wyre Docks, Fleet- wood, and also more sparingly (one or two plants only) about Preston Docks, Wh.

Y^'Lepidium Draba L. Near Morecambe, F, A. Lees (in Natuvdlist, 1900, p. 246). Wyre Docks, Fleetwood, very fine, June, 1900, Wh.

"^'Raphayins Rapkanistrum, L. Fields near Preesall and Knott End, Wh. Near Overton and Heysham, Wi. This is quite a rare plant here, and these are the only records we have for it.

\Reseda lutea L. Plentiful with R. luteola near Preston Docks, July, 1900, Wh. By the Wyre, Ghurchtown, near Garstang, Wi.

^Wiola tricolor var. Lloydii (Jord.). We have found this growing abundantly about the margins of Cockerham Moss, and in similar situations elsewhere. It seems to prefer newly cultivated soil that has been recently reclaimed from the moss tracts. Sometimes the upper petals are yellow, but they are usually more or less deeply suffused with purple, and examples may be found with both kinds of flowers on one plant. Mr. E. G. Baker, who kindly confirmed our naming of these plants as above, points out that Jordan's description embraces this yellow- flowered state.

Y^'Saponaria officinalis var. puberula Wierzb. Plentiful on both banks of the river Lune near Caton, and descending to Halton, Aug. 1900, Wh. This agrees with the Hightown plant in every- thing but size, the former beiug somewhat taller. The congested heads of flowers have a markedly different facies from the ordinary plant, which grows by the Kibble to the east of Preston, &c. Mr. Groves informs us that this latter is never entirely glabrous.

*Spergula arvensis L. var. vulgaris (Boenn.). Field near Pree- sall, Wh.

'^'Hypericwa dubiuni Leers. Bank of the river Lune near Ark- holme, Aug. 1900, Wi.

Radiola linoides Roth. Arkholme Moor, Aug. 1900, Wi. Geranium pusUluin L. Roadside between Caton and Halton, Aug. 1900, perhaps of only casual origni ? Wh.

\^'lmpatiens Noli-tangere L. We are indebted to Dr. F. A. Lees for calling attention to this being a West Lancashire plant {Naturalist, Sept. 1900, p. 279). He says: "The Hindson station of Baker's Flora — Ghyll near Whittington Hall, south-west of Kirby Lonsdale — is in vice-county 60, West Lancaster. I saw plants in a Kendal garden brought thence." This locality, which is inserted in Baker's Flora of the Lake District as in Westmoreland, is about one mile south of the Westmoreland boundary. ^'^'Medicago sativa L. Plentiful on waste ground by the railway in

24 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

Fleetwood Docks, and with it \-''Vicia villosa Both and an abundance of j'^'Melilotus indica AIL, Wh.

Rubiis Jissns Lindl. By a ditch-side near Abbeystead, Wyres- dale, and near Bailey Hey, on the north side of Beacon Fell, Wi. — -'R. pHcatiis Weihe. Abundant on Cockerham Moss, June, 1900. — Pi. erijthrinus Genev. North bank of the river Wyre near Preesall, Wh. Hedges by the roadside. Lower Grizedale, near Garstang. — jR. nemoralis var. silumm Ley. By the roadside across Lancaster Moor, Aug. 1900, Wh. — U. Scheutzii Lindeb. Emmets, Over Wyresdale, Sept. 1900. — R. rusticanus Merc. A fine form of this is not uncommon in West Lancashire, distinguished by its white flowers, broad-based somewhat pyramidal panicle, and flat leaves. Mr. Eogers says of it : "A very marked form which I have oc- casionally met with, but have no separate name for." — *i?. Drejei'i G. Jensen. Koadside near the reservoir, Longridge, 24 July, 1900, Wh. Mr. Rogers writes: "You may put this to R. Drejeri without hesitation, as a form going off type towards my var. Leyamis, but still under the type." — "jR. cinewsus Rogers. In one or two places near Preesall and Knott End, Aug. 1900, Wh. — R. infestus Weihe. Caton Moor, Sept. 1900. This never occurs in quantity with us. In all our recorded stations, both in West and South Lancashire, only single bushes were found.

PotentiUa procwnhens Sibth. Lancaster Moor and near Quern- more Park, Wh.

'-^'Agrimonia odorata Mill. Lane near Melling, Aug. 1900, Wi. Rosa canina L. var. dumalis (Bchst.). Emmetts, Over Wyres- dale, Sept. 1900. — Var. urbica (Leman). Bank of the Wyre, Pree- sall, Aug. 1900, Wh. " On the whole, perhaps nearest to this variety, but differing from it in the glandular petioles and bracts." W. M. Rogers. — "^'R. glauca Vill. Emmetts, Over Wyresdale, Sept. 1900. — R. arvensis Huds. A handsome form of this, occurring about Longridge and Grimsargh with the ordinary form, is stated by Mr. Rogers to be " a glandular form (or hybrid?) approaching Baker's var. gcdlicoides:' — R. mollis Sm. This is very frequent and variable in the hilly districts of West Lancashire.

CratcBgus oxyacmithoides Thuill. Ascends to 1100 ft. on Mal- low dale Fell, where its large oval fruits tipped with the multiple styles are quite ripe, when those of var. juonogynia (Jacq.) at a similar elevation are still hard and just commencing to change colour.

Peplis Portida L. Muddy pool near Overton, in the Heysham peninsula, Wi. As the plant has long been lost at the Ribbleton Moor station, it is pleasing to be able to restore this to our list of existing species.

\'^Carum Carvi L. Alien in Outermoss Lane, Morecambe, F. A. Lees (NaUiralist, Aug. 1900, p. 246).

■''Silaus flavescens Bernh. Frequent in pastures about Cantsfield, July, 1900, Wi.

'''Caucalis nodosa Scop. Near Berwick and Carnforth, June, 1900, WL

jSenecio saracenicus L. Banks of the Lune near Melling, Wi.

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF WEST LANCASHIRE 25

*Lactuca virosa L. Waste ground near the Wyre estuary, Fleet- wood, Wh.

-''Trientalis europcca L. In great abundance on both sides of Black Clough, Marsha w Fell, Wyresdale, June, 1900. It was growing under thickets of deep bracken for a distance of about five hundred yards, at an elevation of from 750 to 1050 ft., Wi. This plant is singularly rare in the north of England on the west side of the Pennine range of hills.

'''Centimculus minimus L. Arkholme Moor, alt. 300-860 ft., Aug. 1900, Wi.

Erythraa littoralis Fr. Near Middleton, Wi.

iSymphytum officinale L. Near Wennington, May, 1899, Wi. ; and south bank of the Lune, Caton, Wh. The pale-flowered form.

-'' Lithospenmim arvense L. Between Silverdale and Carnforth, Oct. 1900, Wh.

j-'Linaria viscida Moench. By the railway near Leek, Mr. L. Petty ; and in a similar situation at Longridge, Wh. On shingle by the Lune near Melling, Wi.

'^LimoseUa aquatica L. By the margins of brackish pools on Overton Marsh, Aug. 1900, Wi.

Veronica polita Fr. Garden weed at Caton, Wh. Euphrasia nemorosa H. Mart. Lancaster Moor, and many other localities. Our commonest form. — -'E. borealis Towns. Lower Salter, and roadside banks at the foot of Catshaw Greave. — -'E. curta Fr. var. glahrescens Wettst. Coast-banks near Little Bispham, July, 1900, Wh. Examples were sent to Mr. Townsend as E. curta, but he thought them better placed under this variety, and kindly sent us specimens, with which ours undoubtedly agree.

"^ Scutellaria vmior Huds. Whittington Moor and Arkholme Moor, Aug. 1900, in the latter station growing with Radiola linoides and Centunculus minimus, Wi.

\Lamium maculatum L. Knott End and Alston, Wh. — *L. am- plexicaule L. Near Lytham, Oct. 1900, Wh.

\^^ Amaranthus Blitum L. On ballast in Preston Dockyard, and with it a few specimens of -^Ambrosia tri/lda, Wh.

j^'Chenopodium JicifoUuni Sm. Ballast-heaps not far from the railway embankment outside the Wyre Docks, Fleetwood, with C. ruhrum L. and (7. murale L., Aug. 1900, Wh.

"^^Atriplex Bahingtonii var. virescens Lange. Sparingly amongst shingle in the Lune and Wyre estuaries, Wh.

■^^Suceda maritima Dum. var. procumbens Syme. Saltmarsh, to the south of Glasson Dock, Wh.

Salix phylicifolia L. Near Marshaw, Wyresdale, Wi. Listera cordata Br. Moor above Gavell's Clough, head of Wyresdale, Wi.

Juncus diffusus Hoppe {J. effusus X ylaucus). In some quantity between Grimsargh and Alston, Wh.

'■'^Lemna polyrrhiza L. In the canal between Galgate and Glasson, Sept. 1900, Wh.

*Eleocharis multicaulis Sm. Boggy ground in Thornley Quarry (limestone), near Chipping, July, 1900, Wi.

26 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

Scirpus fluitans L. Ditch near Bare Railway-station, Wi. The second locality only in the vice-county for this. — *5. maritimus L. var. compactus Koch {conglobatus S. Gray). Near the Wyre mouth, Wh. Ovangle, on the Lune estuary, Wi.

Rhyncospora alba Vahl. Tarnbrook Fell, Wyresdale, amongst Vaccinium Oxycoccos and Sphagnum, medium. These three are also closely associated on Cockerham Moss. This latter locality is being so altered by drainage that the Rhyncospora is in danger of being lost ; therefore this additional station is a welcome discovery.

^Carex vulpina L. var. nemorosa Kit. Near Little Bispham, and by the canal between Galgate and Glasson, Wh. Here the plant generally grows by open ditches and canal-sides, and we have it verified by Mr. Bennett from similar situations in Yorkshire. It cannot therefore be considered to be a mere shade form. Y^^Phalaris minor Retz. On ballast near Preston Docks, Wh. . Y^' Anthoxanthum Puellii Lee. & Lam. Between the rails on the railway through Preston Docks, Wh.

Y^'Apera Spica-venti Beauv. A few plants with the last two in Preston Docks, Wh.

*Agrostis palmtris Huds. var. coarctata (Hoffm.). Very fine on waste ground near the Wyre embankment, south-east of Fleetwood, Aug. 1900, Wh.

"^'Aira caryophyilea L. Embankments on both sides of the Wyre near Preesall and Fleetwood, July, 1900. Wh. Overton, in the Heysham peninsula, Wi.

Poa nemoralis L. Near Cautsfield and Melling, Wi. Wood by the Lune near Catou, Wh. — P. compressa L. Plentiful near Glasson, at the edges of the footpath near the railway-station, growing with Festuca rigida, Sept. 1900, Wh. In the only pre- viously known locality it was in small quantity, and is perhaps lost.

'■'''Qlyceria plica ta Fr. Between Grimsargh and Alston, Wh. Y^Loliiim italicum Braun. Fleetwood Docks, Wh. Weed in fields near Winmarleigh.

Hordeum mariniitn L. Near the Ferry, Fleetwood, Wh. A singularly rare grass in West and many parts of South Lancashire. Cryptogramme crispa R. Br. Some fine plants among millstone grit rocks on white side of Tarnbrook Fell, Wyresdale, Wi.

*Chara vulgaris L. Stonyhurst and Crowshaw Reservoir. Quarry near Leagram Mill, Flora of Sto7iyhurst. Pools in Thorn- ley Quarry, Wi. — "^'C. vulgaris var. longibracteata Kuetz. Pond near Middle Lane, between Blackpool and St. Annes, Oct. 1900, Wh. — ^^C.fragilis Desv. Below Cowan Bridge, Leek, Mr. L. Petty. Near Leighton Beck, Silverdale, Wi.

'^'Sitella. A handsome form, abundant in Grizedale Reservoir, which Messrs. Groves think may be either .V. jiexdis or N. opaca, has unfortunately not yet been found in fruit.

27

THE BOX IN BRITAIN.-

In conversation last year with Graf zu Solms-Laubach he made the extremely interesting suggestion that the Box and Yew trees of Box Hill might probably be the remains of a native forest which originally clothed the North Downs. Among his arguments against their being the remains of a plantation, he urged the great un- likelihood of such a soil as that of Box Hill being planted at all, and the still greater improbability of any one hitting upon such a combination as Box and Yew for the purpose. He urged that, since it is probably the only thing of its kind iu the world, careful enquiry should be made into its history.

I have been able to make a few superficial enquiries to the following effect, and it will be seen that the subject is worth pursuing by some one with leisure and other advantages, which I do not possess. Mr. Warner, of the Manuscripts Department, has been good enough to search Domesday Book for me, but without result. He makes the suggestion that the old Court Rolls of Dorking be searched — if they can be found. He further sent me the following extract from Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, vol. i. p. 560 (1804) :—

" The Downs, which rise to a considerable height from the opposite bank of the Mole, are finely chequered with Yew and Box Trees of great antiquity, and which form a scene no less venerable than pleasing. Of the latter of these, in particular, there was formerly such abundance, that that part of the Downs which is contiguous to the stream, and within the precinct of this Maner, hath always been known by the name of Box Hill, from which also is an extensive prospect into the neighbouring counties. Various have been the disquisitions concerning the antiquity of this plantation ; which, however, for aught that has hitherto ap- peared to the contrary, may liave been coeval with the soil. Here was formerly also a Warren with its Lodge ; in a lease of which from Sir Matthew Brown to Thomas Constable, dated 25 August 1602, the Tenent covenants to use his best endeavours for preserving the Yew, Box, and all other trees growing thereupon ; as also to deliver, half- yearly, an account of what hath been sold, to whom and at what prices : and in an account rendered to Ambrose his son by his Guardian, of the rents and profits for one year to Michaelmas 1608, the receipt for Box Trees cut down upon the Sheep Walk on the Hill, is 50 /. I have seen also an account of the Maner, taken in 1712, in which it is supposed that as much had been cut down within a few years before as amounted to 3,000 Z."

I forwarded this extract to Graf zu Solms-Laubach, who replied in an interesting letter, of which the following is a translation : —

*' Many thanks for your information, which I have received with the greatest interest. It is really sufficient in itself to clear up the

* Becorders of coincidences may like to note that the two following com- munications, written independently of each other, reached us in the same week. — Ed. Jodbn. Bot.

28 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

subject, although it would be interesting to find still older proofs. If, however, box-wood was sold in 1608 for £50, it is clear that the woods must have been in existence in 1500, at which time there can hardly have been intentional planting of woods in England [?] .

"It is much to be desired that either you or some younger London botanist should write a paper on the woods of Dorking, with a map showing the extent and distribution of the existing tracts of box. For one does not know how far these stretch westwards. It would be a subject of the greatest interest in plant geography, and one which can only be worked out by an Englishman who can go over the ground on foot and talk to the various land-owners. The general distribution of the plant, which in Europe is, broadly speaking, Mediterranean, should be noticed. I no longer doubt that Biixus belongs to the pal^otropical forms, which have outlived the ice age, and have once more penetrated to the north-west — as Sticta aurata to Brittany ; HymenophyUum tunhridgense, Isoetes Hystrix to Guernsey ; Lagurus ovata, Erica vagans, &c. Of these the greater part of the Mediterranean things are of course not palaeotropical, but Sticta aurata and Hymenophijllum may be reckoned in the category. Such a work would be therefore well worth doing ; and I must say I am surprised that no one, knowing the wonderful woods of Box Hill and their flora, which must of course be taken into account, should have taken up the subject. It is evident that on your side of the Channel you hardly realize the botanical marvels you possess in your woods."

Looking further quite casually into Manning and Bray's History, I could not lielp being struck by the occurrence of old personal names, such as Peter de Boxstead (p. 90), Nicholas Box well (p. 341), William Box (vol. ii. p. 584), and at vol. ii. p. 656, a " Mr. Boxall sold 500 Yews at three guineas each." These names are strictly local, and Boxley in Kent and Boxgrave in Sussex occur to me as place names, as I write.

I find in Messrs. Hanbury and Marshall's Flora of Kent, p. 310, under Buxus —

"Boxley — Ray in Camden 262. Mr. Reeves doubted its being truly indigenous here ; but the fact of the village being apparently named after it is a strong argument in favour of its genuine wild- ness. It seems to have been more plentiful there formerly than at the present time

First Record 1695. "Buxus I find in the notes of my learned friend Mr. John Aubrey that at Boxley (in Kent) there be woods of them. — Ray I. c."

In Mr. Druce's Flora of Berkshire, p. 439, I find the following note under Buxus : —

" The last remains of Boxgrove in Sulham parish near Reading, whence the country probably took its name, were grubbed up about forty years ago." — Gough's Camden, 155, 1789.

" Prof. C. C. Babington, Jan. 28, 1853, sent a note to the Phytologist Club as follows : — * Mr. Watson, in his Cyhele, ii. 366, appears very much inclined to consider the Box-tree as not originally a native of England. The following extract from the

THE BOX IN BRITAIN 29

beginning of Asser's Life of Kinrf Alfred appears to show that it was plentiful in Berkshire 1000 years since. His words are — • Berrocscire ; quae paga taliter vocatur a * berroc ' sylva ubi buxus abundantissime nascitur.' See Phyt. iv. (1853), 873.

*'In the edition of Camden published in 1610, it states that 'Asterius Menevensis deriveth the name [of the county] from a certaine wood called Berroc, where grew good store of Box.'

'' At Buckland there are some very fine specimens of the Box, and it is also well grown at Besilsleigh, Kingston Bagpuze, and at Park Place, where Mr. Stanton tells me it reproduces itself from seeds in the woods. In Mavor's Agr. Berks it is said to grow near Wallingford.

" The Box is a possible native of Surrey at Boxhill, and on the Chilterns near Velvet Lawn and near Dunstable, Bucks. In the other bordering counties it is certainly introduced."

It is certainly a prevalent idea, that as Buckinghamshire is the country of the Beech, so Berkshire is the country of the Berroc or Box, but I understand that there may be philological objections to it. If true, it would most strikingly confirm Graf zu Solms- Laubach's most ingenious idea. The matter is certainly worth prosecuting, and I print these few notes in the hope of inciting some young botanist to so attractive a task.

G. R. M. Murray.

It has hitherto been considered doubtful whether the Box is indigenous in Britain — some botanists excluding it, and others admitting it, more or less doubtfully, as a native. Watson does not mention it in Topogrccphical Botany, and in the Cybele calls it a "denizen." Syme [E^iglish Botany, ed. 3, viii. 94) considers that there is " some likelihood of its being truly native on Boxhill, Surrey," the only other counties in which there is " any possibility of its being a genuine native" being Kent, Bucks, and Gloucester. My attention being drawn to the subject by a reference in a letter from Sir J. D. Hooker as to its occurrence in the last-named county, I have endeavoured, with the kind assistance of Mr. G. H. Wollaston and Mr. J. W. White, to throw some light on the question.

The Box wood to which Sir Joseph referred is situated between Wootton-under-Edge and Alderley, clothing the hill- side for a considerable distance ; although the shrub flourishes luxuriantly and produces abundance of seedlings in the wood itself, it does not appear to have extended into the neighbouring wooded hill-sides and valleys. There is nothing here to indicate whether it is native or not, except the presence of some larches, which, being introduced trees, would perhaps suggest a similar origin for the Box. It is shown as a wood both in the one-inch and six-inch Ordnance maps, the fact that it consists of Box not being in any way indicated ; but about three miles away, nearly due east, in a valley which extends in a north-easterly direction from Alderley, there is marked the name of Boxwell, suggesting that some traces of the Box might be found there. On visiting the locality this proved to be the case;

80 THE JOURNAL OK BOTANY

another large wood, consisting exclusively of Box, occupies a similar position to that at Wootton, and extends for half a mile or more on the steep side of the valley. It was afterwards found that this is marked as "The Box Wood" in an old Ordnance map pubUshed about fifty years ago, as well as in the six-inch map ; but this is omitted in the recent one-inch map, in which only the names " Boxwell Court " and " Boxwell Farm " are to be found.

The name thus being evidently connected with the wood, a search was made to discover, if possible, how long it had been in use. The following interesting account was found in the History of the CounUi of Gloucester, by the Rev. Thomas Rudge, pubUshed at Gloucester in the year 1803 :—" Boxwell, anciently Boxewelle. The name is derived from a box wood of about sixteen acres, within a warren of forty acres, from which rises a plentiful spring. This is the most considerable wood of the kind in England, excepting Boxhill in Surrey, and from the name, which has now been on record for more than seven centuries, it must have been of long standing."*

This appears to leave no doubt that the Box is indigenous in this valley, and there can therefore be no reason why it should not also be a native of the woods at Wootton and Boxhill. Sir J. D. Hooker, to whom I have communicated the result of this investi- gation, tells me that it leaves no doubt in his mind that the plant is truly wild in these localities, and adds that Bentham, whose know- ledge of the conditions under which British plants are found on the Continent was profound, regarded it as a native.

Cedric Bucknall.

ROBERT SMITH (1873-1900).

[A promising career has been cut short by the early death of Robert Smith, which took place at Edinburgh on the 28th of August last, from appendicitis, after an illness of only one day's duration. He was born in Dundee on Dec. 11, 1873, and had been intended for a business career, but the attractions of science proved too strong for this, and he became an assistant under Prof. D'Arcy Thompson in the zoological museum of the College, where he had previously been a student, and where he took his B. Sc. degree in 1896. Soon after this, he became Demonstrator in Botany under Prof. Patrick Geddes, and from that time devoted himself to plants. Prof. Thompson contributed a biography of Smith to College Echoes (the students' Journal for the University) for Nov. 9th, and this, with his permission, we reproduce, feeling confident that many of our readers will like to know more of so interesting a personaUty.

For the accompanying portrait we are indebted to the Scottish Geographical Society, in whose Transactions it appeared.]

• [««At Boxwel in Coteswold in Gloucestershire, and at Boxley in Kent there be Woods of them. Mr. Aubry's Notes.'' Baii Syn. ii. 310 (1696). — Ed.

JOURN. BOT.]

ROBERT SMITH 3l

From early boyhood Smith had been a diligent student of plants ; he was a competent botanist before ever he came to College. He had a natural instinct for the study of form and the discrimination of species, an unbounded love of the plants themselves, a knowledge surprisingly wide and intimate of the mosses and higher plants of the whole British flora. Until four years ago, some modest excursions in the Scotch Highlands, a summer's journey to Norway with other students of my own, and a visit to the West of Ireland also in my company, had been the measure of his opportunities for outdoor study. In the winter of 1896-7, as Research Scholar of the Franco-Scottish Society, he had the good fortune to study under Professor Charles Flahault at

the University of Montpellier. Under a distinguished and inspiring teacher, in a region vastly rich and attractive to the eye of a northern student, and stimulated by example and competition in an active and cosmopolitan school. Smith worked with sedulous energy, and came home with his mind prepared and determined for the work that afterwards occupied him to the end. This chosen task was to be the Botanical Survey of his own country.

For some years past, on the Continent and in America, a certain school of botanists have occupied themselves with the study of plant- distribution in a more far-reaching manner than has been customary with us. Instead of merely noting the local occurrence of isolated plants, species by species, it is the business of these students, with more comprehensive insight, to discriminate certain assemblages of plants that for one reason or another are linked together in definite association. The beech and the oak, the larch and the pine, the

82 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

bent upon the links, the heather on the moor, have each associated with them a multitude of tributary and interdependent species ; and ere we can understand these complex social aggregates, and ere we beo-in to account for their nature and their distribution, we are involved in a network of problems — biological, meteorological, chemical, and geological. In the study of these difficult and very interesting problems Professor Flahault is a leader and pioneer. With him Smith made long journeys over the South of France, from the Pyrenees to the Italian Riviera, a country most admirably adapted to illustrate the methods of research involved, by reason of the great diversity and the clear lines of demarcation of the many distinct areas of vegetation contained within it.

On his return home Smith began at once, not ignorant of and not deterred by the magnitude of the task, to map out the botanical topography of Scotland. Single-handed and with tireless industry he began and continued this task, travelling on foot incredible distances, and recording faithfully an immense multitude of details. Of much of this work the record is unfinished ; some of it is labour that has been spent in vain. But happily Smith lived to bring part of it to completion and to see its first-fruits harvested.

His first publication of importance was a paper on " Plant Associations of the Tay Basin," read before the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, [the first part of which was] pubhshed in the Proceedings of that Society in 1898 [and the second and concluding portion, accompanied by an excellent map, in the same Proceedings for 1899-1900, pp. 69-87] . Short though it was, this paper attracted the attention of so high an authority as Professor Engler of Berlin, who makes special reference to it in a recent Memoir on the History of Plant Geography as being the first attempt to apply to the vege- tation of Britain the modern methods of topographical research. In the beginning of 1899 Smith published in Natural Science a paper " On the Study of Plant Associations," a clear and concise exposition of the literary history of the subject ; and in May of this year he was invited to give a lecture before the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in Edinburgh on his Botanical Survey of Scotland. He told me, with pleasure and gratitude, of the warm praise he received on this occasion from Sir John Murray, and, in particular, of the cordial and generous encouragement given him by Mr. Benjamin Peach, of the Geological Survey.

The publication of certain of his maps was undertaken by the Society, and two of these, representing the districts of Midlothian and of Northern Perthshire, appeared, accompanied by descriptive articles, in the July and August numbers of the Scottish Geographical Magazine. These maps are an enduring monument to his talent and his devotion

As a teacher, no less than as a student. Smith was painstaking and successful. His lectures were models of careful preparation. With a high view of his duty towards his students, he never spared himself in their service. He had a faculty of exposition such as does not always accompany even the soundest knowledge of a

A DISEASE IN TURNIPS CAUSED BY BACTERIA 3S

subject, and his unaffected enthusiasm for his science could not fail to arouse his students' sympathy and interest.

Looking back now, where but a little while ago we thought only of looking forward, it behoves us not to estimate the measure of his work without remembering the difficulties against which he had to contend, and towards all of which he bore himself cheerfully and manfully. And writing these few lines as a tribute to his memory, my thoughts dwell not more upon his scientific work than on his personal character, for it was beyond common measure pure and lovable.

D. W. T.

A DISEASE IN TURNIPS CAUSED BY BACTERIA.

By W. Carruthers, F.R.S., and A. Lorrain Smith.

[This memoir was prepared for the Royal Agricultural Society. By permission of the Society it appears here contemporaneously with its publication in the Society's Journal, but with a few technical additions for scientific readers. — Ed.]

For some years we have been acquainted with an injury to turnips, the cause of which we were unable to discover. The injured turnips had the crown of young leaves destroyed, and a cavity scooped out of the turnip occupied the top immediately below where the leaves had grown. The cavity was empty; its wall was of a dark brown colour, and the tissues were protected by the development of a corky layer. There was no indication of injury in the turnip beyond the wall of the empty cavity. The first specimen was received seven years ago, and some years later other specimens were obtained ; they threw no hght on the cause of the injury. It seemed probable that the injury was due to bacteria, but we did not discover any evidence of their presence.

At the beginning of August, 1900, a number of badly diseased swede turnips were sent from the valley of the Nibb, in Yorkshire, in order that the nature and cause of the injury might be deter- mined. In the worst cases the young leaves had disappeared from the crown or were rotting away; the outer older leaves also showed signs of wilting, their stalks were decaying at the base, and a number of lateral buds were shooting up from the axils of these older leaves. As a rule, the outer skin of the turnip was intact, In some instances the top was as if scooped out, and the depression hned by a whitish slimy substance. In others the injury had further penetrated through the turnip to the base, and the whole centre was a mass of rotten pulp. Even in the plants less seriously affected, it was evident from the condition of the younger leaves that they were being cut off from their connection with the root. Some of the turnips had wounds at the side, through which the bacteria gained access, forming starting-points of disease in addition to the injury at the top of the bulb. In the specimen figured an older cavity was found agreeing with the injury already observed. Journal of Botany.— Vol. 39. [Jan. 1901.] d

34

THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

From the base of this cavity a later attack was developed. This, with other characters, clearly established that it was the mysterious disease we were dealing with. Some of the turnips were suffering from Finger and Toe, which was of course quite distinct from the rottenness that was destroying the turnips.

A careful microscopic examination of leaf and bulb was made, and it was found that the injury was due to bacteria, which had gained access to the living plants between the bases of the young leaves or through the broken surface of the bulb. They were ad- vancing into the substance of the turnip from cell to cell, destroying the tissues as they went. Sections were taken from the diseased parts and examined, and myriads of the bacteria were seen in the cells. They were motile, cylindrical rods, exceedingly minute, the

Turnip attacked by bacteria. — a, external aspect, showing the crown killed and new growth from the axils of the first leaves, which had naturally fallen off; B, section of the same turnip, showing the crown of the turnip destroyed, the hollow cavity produced by the first stage of the disease, and the further injury by the bacteria in the centre of the turnip. Both half natural size.

longest about seven times as long as they were broad ; they measure •65 fx in breadth, and from 1- to 4" /x in length. The larger rods multiplied by division into two and four, and thus they varied greatly in length, though not in width.

Some of the slimy substance from the cavity at the top of the turnip was stained and examined, and was found to be crowded with the same bacteria. Cultures were tried in a mixture of gelatine and turnip decoction by introducing into the mixture the bacteria taken from different parts of the diseased swedes, the medium and in- struments being carefully sterilized ; and little colonies of very active

A DISEASE IN TURNIPS CAUSED BY BACTERIA 35

rods were formed in a day or two, which liquified the gelatine, Unfortunately, there was no opportunity at the time of infecting healthy swedes from these colonies, and of following the entire life history of the bacteria.

As a careful field examination seemed desirable, a visit was

made to the injured crops in Yorkshire. The disease had advanced

very rapidly ; fields of swedes that appeared healthy and thriving a

(V fortnight previously were now completely

? ^ ^ ^ ^ blighted. In the worst field, twenty-five

// J^ acres in extent, not one turnip in five

0 6^ seemed to have escaped. Yellow turnips

^ '^^ ^ had suffered very little, though here and

\\, ^0 0^ 0 here a few plants growing on the head

ff ^ rows of the fields containing diseased

f /J swedes were attacked; cabbages growing

'^^ 0 near were also diseased, but a strip of

X 2000. kohl-rabi right through the centre of a

Bacteria which cause the dis- severely diseased crop was quite healthy.

ease in the turnip. Mag- The kohl-rabi appears so far to be im-

nified 2000 diameters. mune, and cabbages and yellow turnips

are probably safe when not in contact with a diseased crop. The

mangolds growing in the same field were not in the least attacked.

In all cases the bacteria had lodged in the central bud, by destroying

the tissues of the turnip below, so that the young leaves were cut

off from their connection with the root, and they speedily withered

and died. Where circumstances favoured the development of the

bacteria, they increased rapidly, and the whole interior of the root

from the crown downwards was soon destroyed.

For the information of farmers, who in some districts were alarmed at the serious injury to their crops, a letter was pubHshed four months ago in the Times and other daily papers, and in the Agricultural Gazette, giving a general account of the nature of the disease, and suggesting steps to be taken to prevent its spreading.

The disease worked great havoc in Yorkshire, and the same injury was reported from two localities at a distance from each other in Dumfriesshire. At a later period the progress of the disease was to a large extent arrested. This no doubt arose from the destruction of so many leaves, which left the rows somewhat bare. Sunlight and air gained free access to the bulbs, and the bacteria were dried up or destroyed.

Many investigators in recent years have experimented on the influence of sunlight on bacteria, and have proved that in most cases they develop only in darkness. In 1877 and 1878 Downes and Blunt found that, while their growth was retarded by the influence of diffused white daylight, it was completely stopped by sunshine. Another observer found that the destruction of germs was more rapid and complete when there was also a free admittance of air, though one of the most recent workers in this field. Professor Marshall Ward, has shown that the sun's rays alone are sufficient to kill them. He confirmed this view by exposing to the light plate cultures of the spores of the anthrax bacteria covered with

D 2

S6 THK JOURNAL OF BOTANY

pieces of cardboard, out of whicli figures and letters had been cut, thus allowing the direct influence of the san to act on the well- defined areas cut out of the card. The spores were inactive on the exposed patches, the gelatine remaining clear, while the darkened parts underneath the cardboard were opaque with the crowded colonies of bacteria that had developed from the spores.

The same influence appears to have been equally powerful in the turnip-field, for in many cases the only trace of injury left was a clean walled cavity at the top of the turnip, from which no information could be gathered as to its origin.

It is very doubtful whether any true reparation of the injury followed the growth in the lateral buds. These young growths could not arrest the progress of the bacteria in the turnip, much less could they repair the injury that had been done. ■'

SHORT notp:s.

Aublet's 'Histoire des Plantes.' — Dr. Otto Kuntze, during his recent visit to this country, called my attention to a peculiarity in the Kew copy of Aublet's Histoire des Plantes de la Giiiane franqaise: namely, at p. 440 there is a genus Tatnonea established, completed on the following page with the specific name (/uianensis. This had been duly registered in the Index Kcwensis, but he had not been able to verify the citation in any copy on the continent. On further examination it was seen that the Tamonea on p. 440 was not indexed by Aublet, but Fothergilla adjiiirabilis was given instead. I have since then referred to such copies of the book as I could find in London, with this result, that the Banksian copy at the Natural History Museum is like the Kew copy, while the copy in the Linnean Society's Library, and two copies in the British Museum at Bloomsbury, are like those described by Dr. Kuntze — that is, at the place mentioned the name is changed to Fothergilla ad- mirahilis, and on the plate (t. 175) to mirabilis. I can only suggest that the author found out when indexing that he had printed two genera Tamonea (pp. 440, 659), and consequently cancelled the two leaves, pp. 339-442 ; the issue of the uncorrected copies must have been accidental. It would be interesting to know if any other copies are like those at Kew, and the Botanical Department, British Museum. — B. Daydon Jackson.

New British Hepatice. — During a fortnight's visit in June, 1900, to the Ben Lawers district of Perthshire, I added the following hepatics to our flora: — Cephalozia pleniceps (Aust.) c. per., growing

* Some days after this paper was in type for the Koyal Agricultural Society's Journal, Prof. Potter read to the Royal Society a paper giving the results of investigations he had been making on this turnip disease. By his kindness we received a proof of his paper the day before it was read. He named the bacterium Facudomonas destructans.

SHORT NOTES

87

with C. hicuspidata, Craig- an-Lochan, alt. 1800 ft., on a rocky bank close to the stream which flows into Allt a'Mhoirneas near its exit from Lochan na Larige. Mr. Pearson has confirmed the name. — Jungermania atrovirens (Schleich.) Dum. c. per., Craig-an- Lochan, alt. c. 2100 ft., on wet rocks by the side of the stream which comes out of Lochan Tarbh Uisge, and between the landslip and the rock cleft. This plant certainly comes near small J. ripdria, the only difference which I can see being that the perianth is oblong-ovate instead of pyriform as in the latter. I have expected for some time that this plant occm-red in Britain, and have asked correspondents at various times to send rae specimens of small riparia in the hope of finding it, but the Perthshire plant is the only one which I have seen. I think, however, that it will be found in other places, especially in limestone districts, and not necessarily on hills. Herr Kaalaas has confirmed the name of the Craig-an-Lochan plant. — J. quadriloha Lindb. in Arn.&Lindb.Musc, Asias bor. p. 55 (1888), Craig ChaiUeach, alt. 2800 ft., in some quantity on rock ledges on the east side of the hill going from the end of the fence to the summit. Herr Kaalaas writes of this plant : ** Your specimens of J. quadriloha are rather small, and the leaves sometimes trifid instead of quadrifid ; but in the form of the lobes and the sinus they exactly resemble our Norwegian plant." This is a well-marked species, but might be overlooked for J. Flcerkii or J. lycopodioides. It has hitherto only been found in the North of Europe. — J. polita Nees, on wet ground in two localities in the western ravine of Ben Lawers, on the east side of the main stream, between 2700 ft. and 3300 ft. This is a very interesting addition to our flora, and is a well-marked species. The name has been confirmed by Messrs. Pearson and Slater and Herr Kaalaas. — Nardia suhelliptica Lindb. ex Kaalaas, De Dist. Hep. inNorveg.p. 386(1893), c. per., Craig-an-Lochan, alt. c. 2000 ft., close to the locality for J. atrovirens, and near the stream. Herr Kaalaas writes of my plant: " The specimens of N. suhelliptica are a little larger than the plants I have seen from Norway, but in all essential characters they agree very well with the original specimens of Lindberg, especially in the form and structure of the perianth." Although I was able to identify it from the description alone, I cannot yet see how it differs further from iV. ohovata than the alpine form J. spharocarpa, the J. lurida Dum., differs from that species. I do not, however, understand the difference in the perianth which Herr Kaalaas apparently considers of much consequence ; in his De Dist. Hep. in Norveg., it is given as species distinctissima. I do not think that the colour of its rootlets is a character of much consequence, as I observed that ordinary N. ohovata on Ben Lawers had fre- quently more white rootlets than the low ground plant has, and the rootlets of the Perthshire N. suhelliptica have occasionally a faint reddish tinge. — Symers M. Macvicar.

ToRTULA CERNUA (Huob.) Liudb. IN Britain. — Mr. George Webster, of York, is to be congratulated on being the discoverer of this interesting and latest addition to the British Moss Flora.

88 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

It was found in the last week of September of this year, in the magnesian limestone district, near Aberford, in the West Riding of Yorkshire ; and, now that attention is called to it, there is but little doubt that it may be found in other parts of the kingdom where similar strata are to be found, it being chiefly a limestone-loving plant, of moist situations, but of arctic type. It is a very distinct species, and not likely to be confounded with any other species of the genus ; distinguished by its short stumpy capsule with scarcely, if at all, twisted peristome, also its oblong-lanceolate tapering leaf with reddish nerve, and large lax cells. The specimens have been very carefully examined, not only by Mr. Webster and myself, but also by Mr. M. B. Slater, of Malton, and by Dr. Braithwaite, as well as compared with an authentic example gathered by Dr. Schimper in the Salzburg Alps, in the herbarium of the late Dr. Spruce. It is the Besmatodon cernuus of Bruch & Schimper, Bryol. Eur. ii. t. 134, and of Schimper's Synops. ed. ii. p. 186, and Trichostomum indinatum of Mueller's Synopsis, i. p. 593. — C. P.

HOBKIRK.

Mosses of North-east Yorkshire, " V.-C. 62" (Jouru. Bot. 1900, 484-9).— "V.-C. 62," as defined by Watson, is bounded on the south by the political boundary between the North and East Ridings, and on the west by the Rivers Ouse and Wiskett. In Mr. Ingliam's list several localities are given which are in v.-c. 64 (Mid-west Yorks) — e.g. Askham Bog, Appleton Roebuck, Thorp Arch, Boston Spa, and Bolton Percy ; while Leckby Carr, which is also mentioned, is in v.-c. 65 (North-west Yorks). The district has been closely worked by such excellent bryologists as Spruce, Slater, R. Barnes, and G. Webster, and records of their work are easy of access. Mr. Ingham's list would have been valuable had he made it as far as possible exhaustive by em- bodying in it all these earlier records. As it is, its utility is not very evident ; in fact, it may even be misleading. The second edition of Mr. J. G. Baker's yorth Yorkshire, now in course of publication, will contain a list of the mosses and hepatics of the North Riding, with localities revised and brought up to the present year by Mr. Matthew B. Slater. — Llewellyn J. Cocks.

AcoRus IN Cheshire. — A specimen from Richardson (not that mentioned by Mr. Spencer Moore in Journ. Bot. 1899, 76) in Petiver's Hort. Sice. Angl. (Herb. Sloane, 152, fol. 177) gives an earlier date for his finding of Acorns than is given in the Flora of Cheshire. Richardson's MS. note runs: — *' This was gathered in an old moate at Holford, in Cheshire, where it grows in abundance ; and alsoe in some marle-pits called Holford pitts, about six miles from North- wich. I could have gathered 1100 in these places about the beginning of July 1711. R. Richardson." — James Britten.

39

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Friedrich Weltvitsch in 1853-61. Part iii.— Dipsacefe to Scrophulariacere (1899). Part IV. — Lentibulariacese to Ceratopbyllefe (1900). By William Philip Hiern, M.A., F.L.S. British Museum (Natural History) : Dulau & Co.

Mr. Hiern is to be congratulated on the completion of bis part —the Dicotyledons— of the Welwitsch Catalogue. The Mono- cotyledons were published by Dr. Rendle in 1899— we regret that Dr. Schinz's other occupations have prevented him from preparing the notice of that part of the work which he had promised to con- tribute to these pages ; and the volume devoted to Cryptogams is passing through the press. In the course of next year, therefore, we may expect the completion of this lasting memorial to one of Africa's most eminent botanical explorers.

In our notice of the first part of the Catalogue (Jonrn. Bot. 1897, 23-26) we indicated sufficiently the plan of the work, and paid tribute to the care and labour which Mr. Hiern had bestowed upon it. Although many of Welwitsch's novelties have been described in monographs, floras, and occasional publications, there yet remained a considerable number to reward Mr. Hiern's investigations. Thus in part iii. we have one new genus ( Velvitsia in Scrophulariacea — a very striking plant) and 127 new species, nearly half of them Composit(B; and in part iv. a new genus, Syniplostemon of Wel- witsch's MSS.— a Labiate earlier referred by Mr. C. H. Wright to Plectranthus — and eighty-nine new species. The Composite genus Ade7iogo7ium, published from Welwitsch's MSS. in this Journal for 1898 '(p. 290, t. 389) as new, had been already cited by Oliver (Ic. PI. t. 2205) as a synonym of Eufjleria ; and Mr. Hiern accepts this reduction, although he does not follow Oliver in regarding Welwitsch's plant as a variety of E. qfricana, but describes it as a new species — E. decumhens.

We note that M. Hallier is followed in the limitation of the genera of Convolviilacece, and also mainly (perhaps somewhat too absolutely) as to species. Urticacece is divided, in accordance with Engler and Prantl, into three orders — Moracea and Ulmace(B being separated from the aggregate group. There is a good deal of work in Amaranthacea, where we find Adanson's name for Mrva, adopted by Dr. Kuntze in the modified form JJretia, stands in its original ugliness as Ouret, just as his Pupal replaces the more euphonious Pupalia of Jussieu ; Pandiaka Heudelotii, cited by Jackson as of Benth. & Hook, f., is here given more correctly as of " Jacks. Ind. Kew.," where the generic and specific names are first definitely combined.

When noticing the last part of the Flora of Tropical Africa (pp. 279-281), we referred to the unfortunate absence of correlation between Mr. Hiern's work and that proceeding at the same time at Kew on the same groups of plants, and the consequent and unnecessary increase of synonymy. We are glad to know that

40

THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

those responsible for the neglect have taken steps which will avoid a recurrence of the inconvenience ; and to see that only one of Mr. Hiern's new species has been forestalled — VUc.v Judllensis, which is antedated by V. grisea Baker. We fear, however, that the forth- coming part of the Flora of Tropical Africa will exhibit a more serious conflict, as we understand that some sheets were printed off before the publication of Mr. Hiern's last part, which of course will take priority. In one or two cases we note a difference of opinion as to genera — thus Premna coJorata of Hiern is identical with Vitex mlphurea of Baker: we presume that, should the position assigned to the plant by Mr. Hiern be maintained, those who insist on the retention of the earlicot trivial name will form a third combination.

In matter of nomenclature Mr. Hiern continues to follow on the lines laid down by Dr. Kuntze, exercising, however, independent judgment and investigation. We note that he is al)le to rehabilitate the genus Ethulia, which had been set aside in favour of Pirarda, the former genus dating, not from Linn, "gen." [Sp. PL] ii. (July, 1763), as stated by Dr. Kuntze, but from " L. f. Decas i. p. 1, t. i. (1762)." Pattara {Ada^nson, 1763) for Embelia (Burm. f., 1768) and Parasia Rafinesque (1836) for Belmontia (E . Meyer, 1837) are instances in which Mr. Hiern has anticipated Dr. Kuntze in restoration ; and we note that he adopts Siphonanthus in preference to Clerodeiidron, as, although both are in ed. i. of the Species Plantarum, the former appears in the earlier portion, published in May, 1753, and the latter in the second part which appeared in August of the same year. We note that Mr. Hiern retains the name Wedelia for the well-known genus of Compositce ; that name, however, which was first employed by Loefling, must, we think, replace Allionia of Linnaeus, and Niehuhria Necker will supersede the Wedelia of Jacquin and most authors.

We are glad to see that Mr. Hiern associates the name of Mr. Carruthers with one of Welwitsch's plants — Urticastriim Carruthersi- anum: "it was through his representations, when Keeper of the National Herbarium, that the Trustees of the British Museum undertook the publication of this Catalogue."

Veitch's Manual of the Conifera. A new and greatly enlarged edition, by Adolphus H. Kent. 8vo, pp. 562, with numerous plates, and 141 figs, in the text. James Veitch & Sons : Chelsea. 1900.

Veitch's Manual of the ConifercB has long been recognized as a standard work on Conifers; and in bringing out a new and revised edition the publishers have increased the obligation due to them from the botanist, as well as by the student of horticulture and forestry. Mr. Kent has done excellent service in connection with the Manual of Orchidaceous Plants, for the subject-matter of which he was largely responsible ; and we have no hesitation in saying that, except Dr. Masters, there is no one so well fitted to approach the subject of a handbook on Conifers. It is possible to prepare monographs of some families without going beyond the walls of a

veitch's manual of the conifer;e 41

herbarium, but sncli a method of procedure in the case of the Conifera; would be disastrous. The family is one which must be studied while living and growing, under various conditions and in different stages of development, Mr. Kent has had exceptional opportunities for such studies, and hence his peculiar fitness for the task he has now undertaken.

The plan of the book is as in the former edition. The " General Review" has grown to over a hundred pages, and forms an excellent introduction to the general morphology and distribution of the family, both in space and time. Here, as elsewhere, the author acknowledges his indebtedness to Dr. Masters's recent invaluable contributions to our knowledge of the order, chiefly throagh the medium of the Linnean Society's Journal. This part of the book has also been augmented by the inclusion of the papers on the "Diseases of Conifers," by Prof. Marshall Ward, and "Insects injurious to ConiferiE,'" by Mr. W. F. H. Blandford, which have been reprinted or abridged from the Report of the Conifer Con- ference held at Chiswick in 1891, under the auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society.

In the systematic portion of the work Mr. Kent has followed the arrangement adopted by Dr. Masters. The Taxacem are considered to represent a group of ordinal rank as originally proposed by Lindley, a position which accords better with the marked structural peculiarities of the flower and fruit than the tribal rank subse- quently reverted to and maintained, among other botanists, by the authors of our Genera Plantarum, and also by Eichler, whose arrangement appeared in 1887 in the Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien of Engler and Prantl.

The genera admitted in the Mamial are those of Dr. Masters's recent revision, with the exception of Endlicher's Ghjptostrohm, which is included in Ta.vocUum, and of Ahietia, a new name coined by Mr. Kent to replace Pseudotsuga of Carriere, with which he also includes Keteleerla of the same author. The name PseiuloUufja is rejected because it is a barbarous combination, and " misleading in such meaning as it has;" but we do not think many botanists will be inclined to follow Mr. Kent. The reformers of nomenclature have sufficient scope already, without extending their licence to barbarous names.

Good descriptions are given of all genera, species, and varieties which are likely to be of the slightest value from an economic or horticultural point of view ; wherever it was possible, the descrip- tions have been made from fresh specimens. To extensive notes on geographical distribution, habitat, and economic use, Mr. Kent adds information as to the introduction and growth of the plant in this country. He has also given short biographies of those botanists, collectors, &c., who have been commemorated in specific names.

The plates and figures, many of them new, are of a high order, and add much to the attractiveness and usefulness of the work, the whole get-up of which is excellent. The author has not only been eminently successful in his endeavour "to collect from the best available sources every item of information that should prove useful

42 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

and interesting to amateurs of this remarkable family of trees and shrubs, and also to foresters and horticulturists" ; he has also made a valuable addition to the literature of botany.

A. B. Kendle.

Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. By L. H. Bailey, assisted by WiLHELM Miller and many Expert Cultivators and Botanists. Illustrated with over 2000 original engravings. Vol. i. A-D ; vol. ii. E-M. 4to, pp. xxii, 510, xiv, 511-1054. Price one guinea each. Macmillan & Co. : London and New York. 1900.

The '^1900'' Supplement to the Dictionary of Gardening. By George Nicholson, F.L.S., etc. A-F. 4to, pp. vi, 376. Price 10s. 6d. L. Upcott Gill : London.

The American analogue of Mr. Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening is a far more important work, from a botanical point of view, than its prototype. Whether it is as useful to gardeners, we are not in a position to state; it is certainly more comprehensive, for, besides articles dealing with cultivation and revisions of genera, it contains brief biographies of American worthies and descriptions of such things as aquaria, which would hardly seem to come within the scope of a work on horticulture. So far as externals go, its good and bad qualities are about equally balanced. Thus, the cover is artistic, contrasting very favourably with the ugly envelope affected by Mr. Nicholson's publishers ; but the binding up is so badly done, that the volumes come to pieces almost at a glance. It is very well printed, but on such outrageously heavy paper that only a strong man could carry the four volumes any distance. The illustrations are not of the miscellaneous seedsman's-catalogue order employed in the Dictionary of Gardening — those in the Supplement are better; but they are for the most part scratchy and inadequate : the absence of most of those (excluding the por- traits) to which a whole page is devoted would be a positive gain to the book.

The contents, however, are less open to criticism, as would be anticipated from the fact that Prof. L. H. Bailey is responsible for them. Breadth and sanity of view, thoroughness of treatment, and a literary style which avoids dryness but never degenerates into gush — these are qualities which we expect to find in his writings, and we are never disappointed. In certain details of arrangement, the American work is in advance of the English ; for example, the species under each genus, which in Mr. Nicholson's book are arranged alphabetically, are here grouped under a more scientific system, according to their affinities, a clavis being sometimes prefixed. The alphabetical plan is of course in some respects more convenient — we have even heard it suggested that herbaria should be arranged throughout by the letters of the alphabet ! — but the scientific arrangement is manifestly far more instructive, and in the long run more useful.

In view of the fact that certain of these articles will have to be taken account of from a botanical and nomenclatural standpoint,

LA ROTANIQUE EN PROVENCE 48

it is satisfactory to note that each of them is signed. Prof. Bailey has indeed heen fortunate in obtaining so many collaborators ; the list of these in his first volume includes 170 names, and others appear in the second.

On turning over the pages, we observe two or three references which show that the biographical notes would be the better for a little revision. It is odd, for instance, to find the date of John Bellenden Ker's death, which took place in 1842, given as 1871 (vol. i. p. xx) ; Banks was something more than a " famous English scientist " (whatever that may mean) ; and Cattley was hardly what we should understand by "an early English natu- ralist." It would also be well if the dates of birth and death were uniformly added, instead of only exceptionally, as at present. There is a certain grim humour in the account of a great American grape-grower: "Ephraim W. Bull was loved of his neighbours and honored by every countryman who grows or eats a grape. He made very little money from his variety, and died in extreme poverty."

The Dictioyiary of Gardeninfj has become a standard book of reference ; it has been adapted into French, and a French Horti- cultural Society has awarded the French editor a prize of £100. Mr. Nicholson probably thinks this is one of the things they do better in France. " Nearly twenty years have passed," the publisher tells us, in a curiously- worded preface, since it "first saw the light" ; but by this he means the first number, for the preface to the last volume is dated December, 1888. Anyway it was quite time that a supplement should be issued, and here we have the first volume of it — or rather the first instalment, for there is to be but one " supplemental volume " — which is of course indispensable to possessors of the original. It possesses all the defects as well as the advantages of the earlier volumes— e. r/. the bewildering abbreviations of works cited, and the uniform and useless page- headings. The figures are less miscellaneous and more pleasing : a number of names appear on the ugly title-page as joint authors. The bulk of the book would have been lessened, and its usefulness not diminished, if a large number of the "English names" had been omitted: some of these, such as "Bastard Clover" for I'rifolium hybridum, are mere translations; others, like "Bastard Cress" for Thlaspi, are never used; " Branching Annual Stock," again, is assuredly not " a common name for Malculmia maritima,'* which is always known as Virginia Stock. But, as we have said, the Supplement is indispensable to all possessors of the Dictionary, to which it forms a worthy companion.

Legr6 (Ludovic). La Botanique en Provence an XV I^ siecle. Leonard Rauwollf; Jacques Raynaudet. Marseilles : Aubertin et Rolle. 1900. Pp. x, 149.

M. Legre continues to increase the indebtedness of the botanic world to him by his rapid issue of researches on the early workers in botany in the south of France. We have already in this Journal (1899, pp. 38-92, 283) referred in terms of high praise to his

44 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

previous performances, and this publication is quite equal to its predecessors.

The name of Rauwolff is perhaps best known as the author of some quaintly written travels in the sixteenth century ; but he has a further claim on our interest by the fact of his collection of dried plants being still in existence, and well-preserved, in the University of Leyden.

The author had the good fortune to secure the help of the French Government in his researches, and received a letter from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to the French representative at the Hague, and the French consuls throughout the Netherlands. In consequence of this potent aid, M. Legre was enabled to pursue his search to the best advantage, and a subvention to the Academy of Science at Marseilles has permitted of the issue of this work in its present form.

Rauwolff was born at Augsburg between 1535 and 1540 : the first certain date being that of his matriculation at Montpellier, 22 November, 1560. He began to study the plants round that city as soon as he settled there, where he remained till 1562 ; the year after that he was in Italy, then, passing by the St. Gothard, he came back to Germany by Switzerland.

In the year of his return to his native town he made the acquaintance of Clusius, and in 1565 he married. After five years' absence, he came back to Augsburg as municipal doctor of medicine. His brother-in-law, Melchior Mannlich, was settled at Marseilles as a wholesale dealer in drugs and spices ; he induced Rauwolff to undertake a journey to Syria to discover the source of certain drugs, offering not only to defray the cost of the voyage, but a salary also.

Rauwolff consented, and set out first for Marseilles, thence sailing on 2nd September on board the ' Santa Croce.' After nearly three years of absence, he came back in safety to his own city, where he resumed his interrupted duties, becoming the doctor of the hospital for plague patients. In 1588 he was deprived of his place in con- sequence of his adherence to the Protestant faith ; he left Germany for Austria, became surgeon to the army, and died at Hatvan, in Hungary, in 1596. ' Such in brief is the story of his life, of which fuller details may be found in M. Legre's pages.

The collection of plants which he formed now consists of four volumes, and these have been carefully gone over by the author, who gives lists of the contents ; the names in some cases have been altered by Clusius, and by an unknown hand.

The name of Raynaudet may be found more than once in the Adversaria of Pena and Lobel : he was an apothecary of Marseilles, and the three months which were there spent by Rauwolff, when waiting to sail, were profitably employed in botanizing with Raynaudet in his garden or in the neighbourhood of Marseilles. Dates seem to be wholly wanting as regards this early worker, but what little can be discovered has been laboriously pieced together by the author in less than thirty pages. The only thing which appears certain is, that he must have died at an early age,

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS 45

This volume has been drawn up with the accustomed care of the writer, and is therefore a valuable addition to our knowledge of the men of that interesting time, when, in the sixteenth century, botany was developing in the south of France.

B. Daydon Jackson.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.*

Bot. Centmlhlatt (No. 49). — F. W. Neger, ' Kritische Bemer- kungen zu einigen Pflanzen der chilenischen Flora.' — (Nos. 49-51). L. Cador, ' Anatomische Versuchung der Mateblatter ' (concl.). — (No. 50). H. Lindberg, 'Some species of Polytnchum' (1 pi.). — (No. 52). F. Quelle, ' Zur Kenntniss der Moosflora des Harzes.'

Bot, Gazette (15 Nov.).— B. E. Livingston, * Change of form in Green Algae' (2 pi.). — C. MacMillan, ' Observations in Lessonia* (3 pi.). — C. D. Beadle, ' Studies in CratcBqm: — J. F. Corell, 'David Fisher Day' (1829-1900; portr.). — C. E. Preston, ' Root system of Cactacece.'

Bot. Notiser (hiift. 6 ; 15 Dec.).— J. I. Lindroth, ' Mykologische Notizeu.' — B. Kaalaas, Tnchostoumm arcticum, sp. n. — K. Johann- son, 'Nagra bidrag till Dalarnes flora.' — B. F. Coster, ' Nagra weddelanden om hybrider af slaktet Epilobiwn.' — 0. Nordstedt, ' Om Sandhems flora ' (concl.).

Garde7iers' Chronicle (24 Nov.). — F. Kranzlin, Stanhopea steno- chila Lehm. & Kranzl., sp.n. — J. Hoog, Iris urmiensis (fig. 116). — (1 Dec). H. N. Ridley, Habenaria coliimhiB, sp. n.). — (8 Dec). C. T. Druery, ' Pollen Grains ' (figs. 126-129).

Journal cle Botanique (" Juin"; received 14 Dec). — G. Fron, Euphorbia Litisij. — A. De Coincy, Kchium )naritimum. — F. Guegnen, ' Surle tissu collecteur et conducteur des phanerogames ' (cont.). — P. Hariot, Ligmtrum Delavmjanum, sp.n. — E. Bonnet, 'Quel est I'inventeur des exsiccata ? ' — C. Bernard, ' Recherches sur les spheres attractives chez Lilium, candidum, etc' (cont.).

Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift (Dec). — E. Lampa, ' Uber einige Blatt- formen der Liliaceen ' (1 pi.). — J. Freyn, ' Flora von Steiermark ' (concl.). — P. Magnus, Urophlyctis Kriegeriana.

* The dates assigned to the numbers are those which appear on their covers or title-pages, but it must not always be inferred that this is the actual date of publication.

46 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

BOOK-NOTES, NEWS, dc.

Messrs. Dent's little volume entitled Plant Life and Structure (price Is. net) is one of the " Temple Cyclopaedic Primers," *' a series of volumes of condensed information introductory to great subjects, written by leading authorities, both in England and abroad, adapted at once to the needs of the general public, and forming intro- ductions to the special studies of scholars and students." The book, which is a translation from the German of Dr. E. Dennert by Clara L. Skeat, is a neat little work in small 8vo, with 116 pages and fifty-six figures. It is fairly accurate, but it is not easy to understand to what class of reader it will prove useful. The in- formation is certainly condensed, far too condensed for the general public ; and, as regards the more serious student, there are several inexpensive books which will give a practical working introduction to the science, such as cannot possibly be acquired from this little primer.

At the meeting of the Linnean Society held on Nov. 15th, 1900, Mr. W. B. Hemsley exhibited a number of specimens and drawings of Fitchia, including a new species from the island of Raratonga, in the Cook Archipelago, discovered by Mr. T. F. Cheeseman. The genus was described from specimens thought to have been procured on Elizabeth Island, a remote coral island in the Eastern Pacific ; but Mr. Hemsley gave reasons for believing that the locaUty of the plant described by Sir Joseph Hooker was Tubnai Island, in the same latitude, but 20° further to the west: an island of volcanic origin and mountainous, and theretore more likely than a coral island to be the habitat of such a plant, especially as it was originally discovered by Banks and Solander in Tahiti. Only three or four species are known : they are small resiuiferous shrubs of tree-like habit, with rather thick branches, opposite simple leaves borne on slender stalks, and terminal, usually solitary flower-heads. The systematic position of Fitchia is not very evident ; although usually placed in the Oichoriacece, Mr. Hemsley considered its affinities as a resiniferous plant to be with the Heliantkoidece, and near to Petrobiam. After discussing the views of systematists on this point, he briefly described the new species from Raratonga {Fitchia nutans), remarking that it secreted a resin which is exuded on the young branches and flower-heads, and is used to prepare an agreeably odoriferous oil.

At the same meeting Mr. W. C. Worsdell read a paper entitled ♦'Further Observations on the Cycadacece,'' intended to throw additional light on the problem as to the phylogenetic origin and relationships of this group of plants. By some authorities these have been considered as allied to the Conifers, while in appearance they resemble palms and ferns. They are now con- fined to the warmer regions of the globe, though they were formerly widely distributed. The group was at its maximum in Jurassic and Triassic times ; and Cycad remains, especially in the Lias and the Oolite, are familiar to palaeontologists in this country. This paper,

BOOK-NOTES, NEWS, ETC, 47

like the rest of the author's work on this group, had two main objects — to contribute to the clear and precise knowledge of the vegetative structure, and to point out, by means of that knowledge the relationship of the Cycads to, and their descent from, fern-like plants.

At the meeting of the same Society held on Dec. 6th, Dr. Kendle exhibited specimens of Zostera marina from Tibet and of Halophila stipulacea from Tuticorin, and made observations which we hope to publish later. Mr. H. Groves communicated a paper by Mr. G. C. Druce, entitled "A Revision of the British Thrifts" [Statice and Aiiiieria), in which he attempted a rectification of the synonymy, and discussed the value of the pubescence on the ribs of the calyx as a distinguishing character.

The culture of Citrus trees in Australia is increasing year by year, and the Australian Department of Agriculture has published a little volume by Mr. D. McAlpine — Fungus Diseases of Citrus Trees in Australia — in which is given an exhaustive account of all the fungi that have been recorded on Citrus in the colony. He has found twenty-five species of fungi on the Orange, and thirty- one on the Lemon, besides eighteen common to both ; three species on the Citron, two on the Shaddock, and three which are parasitic on the scale-insects that infest Citrus trees. This formidable list might lead one to infer that these trees were peculiarly liable to attack from fungi; but, fortunately, they are not all parasitic. Many of them, such as PeniciUium glaucum, the familiar blue-mould, Clado- sporiiuii herhanim, and others, make their appearance after decay has set in, and grow on dead Citrus as on any other vegetable matter. The first part of the book, the most important section, deals with the fungi that are directly injurious to the growing plant. The second part is occupied by a description of fungi that are less harmful, or less frequent, grouped as they occur on fruit, leaf, stem, or root. Many of them are confined to Australia alone : as the fruit trees were originally imported from Europe, this seems rather remarkable ; but it is to be remembered that the native Citrus is used as stock in the colonies, and thus native diseases have probably persisted on the grafted plants. The harmful para- sites are all minute species, and occur mostly on the leaves and fruit. One species — Flwma omnivora — attacks the roots, causing root-rot. The book is well illustrated by twelve coloured plates of the diseases most frequently met with, and 186 figures of the fungi causing them ; the numerous new species are fully described, and each is furnished with an " English name," of which " Federation Dothiorella," " Scabbing Ramularia," and '' Corrugating Clado- sporium," may be taken as types. *' Citrus Sphaerella " is not, as might be supposed, a new species of Citrus, but the ''English" equivalent of Sphcerella citricola! Full and careful practical in- structions are given as to the treatment that has been found most efficacious in remedying or checking the pest.

Just as we go to press, and too late for notice, appears the completion of vol. vii. of the Flora of Tropical Africa, bringing the

48 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

enumeration down to Plantaginea. Sir W. Tbiselton-Dyer con- tributes a brief preface, in the course of which he thus explains the delays which have hindered the progress of the work: — "The present volume was ready for the press at the beginning of 1898. The inconvenience of the delay in publication is obvious. The con- tributors see other writers secure the priority of their work, while the manuscript has continually to be re-written to incorporate what has been published while it is waiting for the printer. For all this I am in no way responsible. I prepare the work ; but over printing and publication I have not the slightest control. And as no less than five government departments have a say in the matter, the task of getting them into line is one of no small difficulty. A fire which took place at the printer's in December of last year was a further impediment. Fortunately, however, most of the manuscript was recovered eventually from the ruins. Three more volumes will complete the work as originally planned. Their preparation presents no inherent difficulty, but their fate lies on the lap of the gods."

This explanation of course only refers to the delays in the publication of the present volume. The "inconvenience" men- tioned, however, applies with still greater force to the thirty-one years during which the work remained in abeyance, for the greater part of which — /. e. since 1872 — it was in the hands of the present editor, who issued the first instalment of the contniuation in 1896. As a result of this delay, the work has indeed had to be "re- written" ; but the responsibility for this can hardly be laid at the door of the printer. Mr. Hiern, for example, at the request of Mr. Dyer ''now Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer), prepared the ScrophularinecB in 1874-5, and is now, after an interval of twenty-five years, re- writing them. It will of course be noticed that the editor only claims the " preparation " as his share of the work, and in this he acknowledges the help of his staft" ; he has not so far contributed to the scientific contents of the volumes.

The appearance of "Appendix I. 1901" of the Kew Bulletin, which, in spite of its thrice-repeated date, was actually issued in November last, suggests wonder whether the printers — in this case H. M. Stationery Office — are in this case responsible for the delay in publication. One would imagine that its "preparation" could " present no inherent difficulty," but no number has appeared since October, 1899, although, as we pointed out last month (p. 501), the volume for 1900 has been cited. The delay is the more inexplicable in that, when the existence of the Bulletin was threatened in 1892, the Times proclaimed that its pubhcation was "one of the most useful functions" discharged by Kew Gardens. It will be remem- bered also that the Bulletin replaced the annual reports of the work of the Gardens which used to be issued, and which contained much matter of botanical interest. The Guide to the Gardens, which was stated in the House of Commons in 1891 to be " almost ready," has never appeared. Is this, as well as the Bulletin and the Cape African Floras, "on the lap of the gods," or are the printers once more responsible ?

/m.

#

L 3. barton del R.Morgan lith

West,Newraan imp.

A Galls m Furcellana and Chondrus

B. Sporangia of Ectoearpus BreviarUculatus

49

ON CERTAIN GALLS in FURCELLARIA amd CHONDRUS. By Ethel S. Barton. (Plate 418, figs. 1-6.)

The subject of gall -formation in algse, as the result of attack by animals, has never received much attention, though the interest of such a study should attract both zoologists and botanists. Up to the present the only instances recorded are those on Vaucheria caused by a rotifer'-'; on Rhodymeniapahiiata Grev.t and Desmarestia aculeata Lam.]: by a copepod ; and on AscopJiylluni nodosum Le Jol.| by a nematode worm. It may be remembered that the nematode of Ascophyllum was not only new to science, but was the first and hitherto the only recorded marine species. In this paper two more instances are described in which algae produce galls, as the result of attack by nematodes.

In May of this year it was observed that a considerable number of plants of Fiucellarid fastigi/ita, thrown up on the shore at Lyme Regis, showed irregular swellings along the thallus, and on investi- gation these swellings proved to be galls inhabited by nematodes. Somewhat similar outgrowths were also observed on Chundrus crispus, though very sparingly. Specimens of these al^ae have been sent to Dr. de Man for determination of the nematode, and he reports that in neither alga does he find the Tylenchus fucicola which inhabits Ascophyllum. It is difficult to say as yet whether the nematodes found in Fuicellaria and Chondnis are identical species, but in any case they belong to a genus other than Tylenchus. A description of them will be published later by Dr. de Man.

The Furcellaria galls were present in so much greater abun- dance than those on Chondrus, that it was possible to work them out more satisfactorily. The general development of the outgrowth in Furcellaria is much the same as that in Ascophyllum. In the youngest stages observed, the peripheral cells and the layer im- mediately below these are disturbed and forced asiuider by the entrance of the nematode, which is found sometimes near the opening, sometimes as deep down as the centre of the thallus. The peripheral cells of the thallus round the point of entrance begin to divide transversely, parallel to the surface, and grow out above the level of the surrounding cells ; thus forming a small excrescence, the first beginning of the gall. At this stage certain of the cells situated below the excrescence are to be found closely packed with rather large granules, to be described later. The gall continues to grow by subdivision of its outermost cells, while the

* Vaucher, Conferves d'eau douce, t. iii. fig. 8 (1803).

t E. S. Barton, " On the Occurrence of Galls in Rliodymenia palmata Grev.," Journ. Bot. 1891, 65, t. 303.

X E.S.Barton, "On Malformations of Ascophyllum and Desmarestia,^^ in Phycological Memoirs, p. 21, t. vii. April, 1892.

Journal of Botany. — Vol. 39. [Feb. 1901.] e

50 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

long narrow cells, present in the normal tliallus jnst below the superficial layer, become considerably elongated. The superticial position of the gall, together with the long narrow form of these ceils, suggests at first sight a parasitic alga with penetrating fila- ments. The cells of the gall exhibit walls of C(»n.>iderable tnickness, together with dense granular cont^nis. In the largest galls the tissue is to a certain extent destroyed by the nematodes which are present among the cells. The fact that the young gall remains intact may be explained by a rapid growth taking place while the animal is still buried m the main thallus. In order to escape, the nematode would afterwards have to force its way through the close structure of the mature gall, thereby tearing it apart. The galls sometimes arise close together, and as each one equals or exceeds in size the diameter of the main thallus, a group of them forms a conspicuous, irregular knob.

The granules referred to above as occurring in the cells below and around the growing gall differ very much both in size and form from those of the ordinary thallus-cells. Their form is oval or round, and their diameter from 4 /x to 7 /x. They are of a clear and slightly retractive nature, having the appearance of small starch-grains, but showing no concentric structure. In polarized light they show the well-known black cross characteristic of starch- grains. Under the action of acids and alkalies they swell up, and soon dissolve completely ; with iodine they take on a brown tint slightly deeper than that of the surrounding cell-contents, but after heating in water to 100° 0. for a short time (presumably after hydrolysis of the substance of the granule) application of iodine produces a bluish-purple tint.

Since these structures agree in all respects, except for the prersence of concentric layers, there can be little doubt that they are identical with the granules described by Prof. Van Tieghem as Floridean starch." They probably consist chiefly of amylodextrin.f It is interesting that structures which occur in the normal cells of FloridecB should be found in Furcellaria only in those cells which have been stimulated by the action of the nematodes.

Among the slides in the ISchmitz collection at the British Museum are three of Furcellaria fastigiata, labelled " Knollchen- Johnson." The sections are very deeply stained and rather imperfect, but, so far as can be seen, the galls appear to be the same as those I have described, though I can detect no actual nematode.

The material of Chondrus crispiis, which showed galls as the result of attack by nematodes, was so scarce that it has not been possible to make a full examination of them. So far as can be seen, a similar process takes place, but whether the same peculiar cell-contents are found in the young stages I do not know, as none

* Van Tieghem, •' Sur les globules amylaces des Floridees et des Coral- linees," Comptes Rendus^ xi. 804 (1865).

t Arthur Meyer in Botanische Zeitimg, 1886, pp. 697, 713.

SPORANGIA OF ECTOCARPUS BREVIARTICULATUS 51

but mature galls were at my disposal. In one case the cystocarp had been attacked, but in another specimen the galls arose from the vegetative part of the thallus, as in Furcellaria. If sections across thallus and gall are stained with anilme blue, the colour is only taken up deeply by the uninjured parts of the thallus, and the diseased portions containing the colonies of nematodes remain much lighter in colour.

Finally, I offer my best thanks to Mr. V. H. Blackman, to whom I owe the observations on the starch-like granules.

SPORANGIA OF ECTOCARPUS BREVIARTICULATUS.

By Ethel S. Barton.

(Plate 418, figs. 7, 8.)

During an investigation of some material of Chnoospora atlantica J. Ag., collected at St. Vnicent, West Indies, by Mr. W. R. Elliott, I was led to examine the tufts of Ectocarpus breviarticulatiis growing on it. This proved to be in fruit, and, as the sporangia have never been described for this species, it may be of interest to do so now.

The sporangia in question are plurilocular, and occur sparingly; they are of an ovate form, with the upper end more or less pointed, and vary from 20-35 /x in breadth and 60-90 /a in length. They arise generally from a short pedicel cell, but occur also sessile, and even sometimes as the termination of a short two-celled branch.

In Prof. Agardh's original description of E. breciarticalatm (Nya alger fian Mexico, Kongl. Vet.-Akad. 1847, p. 7), the cells of the primary creeping filaments are said to be shorter than their diameter, while the cells of the secondary filaments are 1^ times as long as their breadth. Tliis, however, is not a constant charac- teristic in the St. Vincent material : in some cases longer cells appear in the primary filament, and very often short cells are found in the superior filaments. Some of the latter are figured here.

Explanation of Plate 418. — Fig. 1. Furcellaria fastujiata Lam. with galls, nat. size. 2. Ditto, thallus, showing early stage of gall, x 260. 3. Ditto, later stage of gall, x 130. 4. Ditto, mature galls, x 25. 5. Chondrus ciisiJus Stackh. with galls, nat. size. 6. Ditto, transverse section of mature galls and thallus, x 6. 7. Ectocarims hreviartkulatm J. Ag., plurilocular sporangium, X 375. 8. Ditto, some cells in an upper filament.

E 2

52

PEMBKOKESHIRE PLANTS.

By W. R. Linton, M.A.

The following plants were noticed during a fortnight in Sep- tember, spent principally at St. David's, but including a few hours at Haverfordwest and a day at Tenby. Tiiose new for the county have an asterisk prefixed. I am indebted to Mr. A. Bennett for kindly corroborating the new records; to the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers for correcting or corroborating the PaiU ; to Mr. F. Townsend for the same with the Euphrasia ; and to Mr. J. Groves for help with the Char a.

Ranuncaliis trichophyllus Chaix. Treleddyd Fawr Common. — a. hederaceus L. St. David's. — R. Flammula var. radicans Nolte. Frequent on wet commons, as Waun Fawr, Pwll Trefeithan, &c. — Aqudeijia vulgaris L. Haverfordwest.

Fumaria covfusa Jord. On earthy wall-tops near Dowrog Com- mon, and in a field by Pen Berry.

Cochlearia da7uca L. Porth Clais ; Tenby. — Brassica oleracea L. Tenby. — B. Sinajnoides 'Roth. Solva ; Haverfordwest. — Diplotaxis tenuifolia DC. Haverfordwest. — Lepidkim hirtum Sm. Frequent about St. David's. — Eaphanus maritimus Sm. Tenby.

'^''Reseda lutea L. Dowrog ; fields by Pen Berry. — R. Luteola L. Solva.

Viola Riviniana var. nemorosa Neum., W. & M. Pwll Trefeithan ; Treleddyd Fawr Moor. — V. ericetorum Schrader. Pwll Trefeithan ; Tenby. — ''T. lactea Sm. Waun Fawr; Pwll Trefeithan. — '''V. Cu'tisii Forst. Traeth Mawr.

'''PolygaUi serpi/llacea Weihe. The Burrows; Treleddyd Fawr Moor. — P. vulgaris L. Tenby.

Saponaria officinalis L. In several places. Wall-tops near Dowrog ; on the cliffs near the lifeboat station. — Sagina vmritima Don. Solva. — S. apetala L. Frequent on walls about St. David's. *5. ciliata Fr. St. David's, on walls. — S. nodosa Fenzl. Frequent on commons. — Buda rupestris Dam. Coast rocks, Caer Bwdy, &c.

Hypericum perforatum Ij. \ H. quadratum. Stokes. Frequent. — '^H. undulatuni Suhousb. Caer Bwdy, and other places on banks by the sea ; probably also on boggy commons about St. David's, but I at first passed it over, until the red look of the petals attracted my attention. — H. puJchrum L. Frequent. — H. elodes L. Wet places on cliffs, St. David's.

Malva sylvestris L. St. David's.

Radiola lijioides Roth. Frequent on commons. — Linum angusti- folium Huds. In several places. Roadside, Dowrog ; Treleddyd Fawr Moor ; Porth Clais.

Geranium columbinum L. Solva. — Erodimn cicutariiwi L. White-flowered, on walls, St. David's. — E. moschatum L'Herit. Solva. — E. maritimum L'Herit. Solva ; Porth Sele.

Uiex Gal Hi Planch. Frequent. — Ononis repens L. Walls and fields. — Trifolium scabrum L. Traeth Mawr. — T. fragiferum L. Pont Pen Arthur, and other places. — 2\ procumbens L. Frequent,

PEMBROKESHIRE PLANTS 53

rather taking the place of T. minus. — • AnthyUis Vulneraria L. Frequent. — ^'Vicia angusti folia Roth. Roadside between St. David's and Whitchurch.

-''Prunus insititia Huds. Here and there in hedges, St. David's. — P. CerafiUH L. Between St. David's and Whitchurch. — Rubus a/finis W. & N. Treleddyd Fawr Common. — ''R. alfmisvdiX. Bngasi- anus Rogers. Waun Fawr ; Dowrog Common ; Treleddyd Fawr Common; Clegvr Foia. "I have seen a specimen oi Bnggsumns from Fishgiifird, Pembroke, in C. C. Babington's /entlgmosKs packet in the Cambridge hb.," W. M. R. inliit. — "/^. carimsis Rip. & Genev. Forth Clais. — *i?. pulcherrunus Neum. Frequent. — R. rusticaniis Merc. Frequent. — /?. Schlechtendald. Forth Clais. — R. leuco- st<ichi/s Schleich. Frequent. — *i?. Borreri Bell Salt. Treleddyd Fawr Common. — "i?. dttmrtcrum var. ferox Weihe. About St. David's ; Forth Liska, &c. — R. ccbsiks L. St. David's ; Tenby. — Potentiila paliistris Scop. Dowrog Common. — Agrimonia odorata Mill. Frequent. — Poterium SanguUorba L. Tenby. — '''P. ofjicimde Hook. fil. About St. David's. — Piosa spinosissuiia L. St. David's ; Whitsaud Bay; Treled 1yd Fawr Common. — R. tomentosa Sm. Between St. David's and Whitchurch. — R. lutetiana Leman, and R. duinetornm Tiiuill. Both scarce.

Sedttm imijllcum Huds. Common on cliff-: and rocks.

Mgriophgllum spicatnm L. On Dowrog Common. — Callitriche stagniflis Scop. — PepHs Portula L. Frequent.

Epilobium parvifioruni Schreb. — '^'E. ubscunim Schreb. St. David's. — hJ. palustre L. Frequent.

Ergngium maritimuni L. Tenby. — Conium maculatum L. Sc. David's. — Apium gravfolens L. St, David's. — A. nodiflorum var. ocreatum Bab. St. David's. — A. inundatum Reichb. fil. Fwll Trefeithan. — Fceyiiculum vulgare Mill. Solva. — Cnthmum mari- timum L. St. David's. — (Enmithe crocata L. St. David's. — Daucus Carota L. St. David's. — Cniicalis nodosa Scop. Solva.

AspeniJa cynanchica L. Abundant on sandhills, Tenby. — Sherardia nrvensis L. Treleddyd Fawr Common.

Valeriana saiiibucifolia WiUd. About St. David's. — Valerianella dentata Foil. St. David's.

Dipsacus silvestris Huds. Cliffs, Forth Liska. — Scabiosa Succisa L. and S. arvensis L. Common.

Eupatorium cannabinum L. St. David's. — Pulicaria dysenterica Gaertn. St. David's. — Bidens cernua L. Treleddyd Fawr Com- mon. — Anthemis nobilis L. On commons about St. David's. — Chrysanthemum segetum L. Near Fen Berry. — C. Parthenium Fers. and Matricaria inodora L. Frequent. — Tanacetum vulgare L. St. David's. — Artemisia Absinthium L. Forth Clais. — A. vulgaris L. St. David's. — -''Arctium minus Bernh. St. David's. — Carlina vulgaris L. Caer Bwdy ; Solva. — Carduus pycnocephalus L. St. David's ; Haverfordwest. — Serratula tinctoria L. Dowrog Com- mon.— Hieracium. umbellatum L. Haverfordwest; Newgate; Tenby, a dwarf state on the sandhills. — Leontodo7i hirtus L. and L. hispidus L. St. David's.

Jasione mo7itana L. Abundant on walls and cliffs, St. David's,

64 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

Statice cnirimiJfpfoJia Vabl. Perth Sele and Whitesand Bay.

Glaux maritima L. Tenby. — Anagallis teneUa L. Abundant on wet commons, St. David's. — Centunciilus minimus Li. Treleddyd Fawr Moor ; Pwll Trefeithan. — Samolus Valerandi L. Abundant on commons, St. David's.

Miciocala Ji.iifonnis Hoffmgg. & Link. Pwll Trefeithan, and in wet places on cliffs. — Enithraa Centaurium var. capitatu Koch. Treleddyd Fawr Moor. — Gentiana cawpestris L. The Burrows ; Traeth Mawr ; Waun Fawr; Pwll Trefeithan. — ^:'-(r. haHica Murb. (agreed to by Mr. W. H. Beeby). Pwll Trefeithan. — Menyanthes trifoliata L. Pwll Trefeithan.

Lycopsis aivensis L. Fields, St. David's. — Alyosotis caspitosa F. Schultz, and J/, pahistris Belli. St. David's. — Lithospermiim officinale L. Tenby. — Ecldum vuigare L. The Burrows.

Veibasi-iim Thapsus L. St. David's. — Linaria Ehitina Mill. Pen Berry. — Antirrhinum majns L. Walls, St. David's. — A. Orontinm L. Fields near Portli Sele. — -'Euphrasia stncta Host. Porth Clais ; Waun Fawr. — "£'. borealis Towns. Abundant on sandhills, Tenby. — '''£". curta var. glahrescens Wettst. Treleddyd Fawr Moor. — -'E. occidental is Wettst. Coast cliffs, St. David" s.

Pedicularis palustris L. Frequent on wet commons. — Bartsia serotina Reichb. St. David's.

Utricularia minor L. Dowrog Common; Pwll Trefeithan.

Verbena officinalis L. Roadsides, St. David's ; Tenby.

Mentha rotundifolia Huds. St. David's ; Ponally, near Tenby. — -'M. piperita L. St. David's. — Calamintha officinalis Moench. Common about St. David's. — Salvia Verbenaca L. Tenby. — Scutellaria galericulata L. Frequent in marsh-land. — S. minor Huds. Abundant on wet commons. — Marrubium. vuigare L. Solva. — '''Stachys palustris X silvatica (ambigua Sm.). Below Pont Clegyr. — *S'. arvensis L. Pen Berry. — Ballota nigra L. Frequent. ''^^ Scleranthus annuus L. Fields near Pen Berry.

Beta maritima L. Cliffs. — Atriplex deltoidea var. prostrata Bab. Whitesand Bog ; Porth Clais. — Salsola Kali L. Abundant at Tenby.

liumex conglomeratus Murr. Frequent. — E. pulcher L. Solva. — B. Hydrolapathum Huds. Frequent.

Euphorbia Paralias L. Sandhills, Tenby.

Farietaria officinalis L. Common at St. David's on walls.

Salio) cinerea L. St. David's. — '''-S. aurita L. St. David's. — S. cinerea X viminalis. Porth Clais.

Spiranthes autumnalis Rich. Abundant on all the commons about St. David's. — '''Orchis latifoUa L. Near Clegyr Pont.

Narthecium. Ossirragum Huds. Frequent, Waun Fawr Common ; Dowrog ; Treleddyd Fawr Moor.

Sp<(rganiuni neglectum Beeby. On Treleddyd Fawr Moor.

Alisina ranunculoides L. Frequent. Pwll Trefeithan, &c.

Triglochin palustre L. Common about St. David's. — Potamo- geton natans L. St. David's. — P. polygu7iifulius Pour. Pwll Trefei- than. — ''P. perfoUatus L. Stream above Solva. — P. pusillus L. Common in ditches, St. David's,

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACE^ 55

Rleochans palustru R. Br. St. David's. — E. muUicanlis Sm., viviparous state. Waun Fawr; Dowrog Common. — ■''Srirpus pauci jior us Jji^^hii. TraethMawr; Dowrog Common ; Waun Fawr.

— '^S. flidtans L. Waun Fawr. — Carex arenariti L. Wliitesand Bay. — C. paniculata L. and C. echinata Murr. Dowrog Common.

— C. (Hstans L. Forth Clais. — ■■'Cfulra Good. Waun Fawr. — C. flava var. cyperoides Marsson. Pwll Trefeitlian.

Ammophila arundinacea Host. Sandhills, Tenby. — Aira caryo- phyllea L. Common about St. David's. — -''Festuca procumhens Knnth (? in Top. Bot. ed. ii.). Strand at Solva. — F. riyida Kunth. Walls in Solva village. — F. rot tbcello ides Kunth. Forth Clais. —

F. glauca Lam. and F. rubra var. pruinnsa Hackel. Forth Sele. — Agropyron punyeus Roem. & Schult. Forth Clais. — ''A. junceum Beauv. Whitesand Bay.

Asplenium Adiantum-niyrum L. and A. Trichomanes L. St. David's, both frequent. — Athyriiuu Filix-fcemina Roth. Dowrog Common. — Ceterach ojficinarum Wilde. Walls, St. David's. — Ophioylossum ru/yatum L. In a depression near the far end of Dowrog Common.

Chara frayilis var. delicatula Braun. Fwll Trefeithan. — "0. aspera subsp. desmacantha H. & J. Groves. Pwll Trefeithan. —

G. vulgaris L. Fwll Trefeithan.

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACE^. By a. B. Rendle, M.A., D.Sc.

(Concluded from p. 22.)

Section Leiocalyx.

I. ocHRACEA G. Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 270. Convolvulus ochraceus Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1060 (1827).

Angola ; Loanda, Welivitsch, no. 6245.

I. (?) KENTROCARPA Hochst. ex Rich. Fl. Abyss, ii. 70 (1851).

Angola ; Anibriz, Welwitsch, no. 6174, and Golungo Alto, Wel- ivitsch, nos. 6175, 6176.

There has been considerable confusion with resppct to the Wel- witsch numbers 6174, 6175, 6176, and 6245, which have been variously distributed between I.ochraceaDou, LofihthahuantliaMoW. f., and /. kmtrorarpa Hochst. In the Catalogue of Welwitsch Plants, i. 737, Mr. Hiern puts them together under /. ochracea Don, although Welwitsch himself considered that they included two new and distinct species.

No 6245 formed part of the original I. ophtludmanfha of Hallier, since united by liim in part with I. acanthocarpa Hochst., and in part with I. ochracea Don, the Welwitsch number falliny^ under the latter. This is no d 'ubt its true pbice, as h agrees with tne original fi«!;ure in the But. Reg. (t. 1060, Coiivoliulus ocitracnis Lindl.). It differs from the other three numbers in its larger flowers (the corolla measures 4 cm. long) and acute sepals.

56 THK JOURNAL OF BOTANY '.

In Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 41, Hallier includes nos. 6175 and 6176 under I. kentrocarpa Hochst., a species based on an Abyssinian specimen, but localities for which are cited both in East and West Tropical Africa. No. 6174, which Hallier {I.e. 87) excludes with a query from I. ochracea, agrees with these two numbers, having the blunter calyx and shorter corolla. The three closely resemble I. kentrocarpa Hochst., but our specimen of the number (1420), on which the species depends, is but a fragment, and hardly allows a definite opinion. Dr. Hallier may have seen better material.

I. FRAGiLis Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 372 (1845). I. temiis E. Meyer in Drege, Zwei pflanzengeogr. Docum. 139 (1843) (nomen). l.frafjiUs var. (jlahra Hall. f. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vii. 50 (1899). Transvaal ; Pilgrim's Rest, Eev. W. Greenstock, 1879. I. oBscuRA Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 239 (1817).

East Tropical Africa. Near Lake Marsabit, Lord Delamere, 1898 ; Masai, Scott Elliot, no. 6863, 1893 ; Tanganyika, Scott Elliot, no. 8364, 1894.

Rhodesia ; Bulawayo, Dr. Band, no. 604, September, 1898. I. AQUATicA Forsk. Flor. iEy:ypt.-Arab. 44 (1775). 7. reptans Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iii. 460 (1813).

East Tropical Africa ; Lake Rudolf, Br. Donaldson Smith, December 16th, 1899.

I. DAMMARANA Rcndlc in Journ. Bot. 1896, 36. Rhodesia ; Bulawayo, Dr. Band, no. 273, January, 1898. I. Papilio Hall. f. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vi. 543 (3 898). Rhodesia ; Bulawayo, Dr. Fonul, no. 365, May, 1898. Transvaal ; Pilgrim's Rest, Bev. W. Greenstock, 1879. Bouth Africa, Zeyher, no. 1225. I. SIMPLEX Thunb. Prodr. PL Capens. 36 (1794). Rhodesia ; Salisbury, Dr. Band, no. 272. December, 1897. I. prsetermissa, sp. nov. Suffrutex humilis habitu, ut apparet, I. siiiiplicis ramis ascendentibus teretibus rubro-brnnneis verrucu- losis, partibus in junioribus viscidulis ; foliis parvis crassinsculis anguste-lanceolatis cum apice cuspidate, marginatis, uninerviis, in petiolis brevibus, venis et margine crispato rubidis ; pedunculis brevibus unifloris, bracteolis parvis lauceolatis ; sepalis chartaceis, ovato-lanceolatis, breviter cuspidatis, dorso plus minus verruculosis, binis externis quam interna brevioribus ; corolla marcida rosea calycem plus duplo execedente, areis mesopetalis cum nervis binis limitatis.

Described from a small specimen consisting of a somewhat sparsely leaved shoot, 13 cm. long by 1*5 mm. broad, springing from a short stouter woody axis, 2*5 cm. long, including two seasons' growth. Leaves tapering gradually from the rounded base to the shortly cuspidate apex, the largest 23 mm. long by 4 mm. broad at the base ; petioles 4 mm. or less. Peduncles 6-7 mm. long, bracteoles 2 mm. long, 3 mm. below the calyx. Outer sepals 6-8 mm. long by about 3 mm. broad, the inner reaching 12 mm. long and narrow- ing to 2-5 mm. Corolla apparently about 3 cm. long, with a short tube about -5 cm. in diameter,

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACE^E 5?

Near I. simplex Thunb., which it closely resembles in habit and flower, but is distinguished by the broad-based lanceolate leaves.

Hab. South Africa, Zeyher, no. 1214, 1846.

I. Welwitschii Vatke ex Hall. f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xviii. 146 (1893). /. HystrixYLaWA. I.e.

I have not seen the specimen of Bohm's, on which Hallier based /. Hi/strix, but from the plants which he assigns to this species in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vii. 58, iuchidiiig one collected by 8coit Elliot in the Shiie Highlands (no. 8639), there can be no doubt as to their identity with the West African /. Welivitschii. Hallier says of 1. Hystrix, " praecedeuti " (i.e. /. Welwitschii) " valde afifinis, sed multo humilior densiusque foliosa," but the Shire specimen is larger than the average of the Angolan, and is certainly not more laxly leaved.

Section Eriospermum.

I. Rhodesiana, sp. nov. Suffrutex ramis ascendentibus (volu- bilibus ?) cinereo-pubesceiitibus subrubidis ; foliis parvis, ovato- cordatis, obtusis, breviter petiolatis, in facie superiore fulvo sericeis, in facie inferiore cinereo-pubescentibus cum venis curvulis promi- nulis ; pedunculis uniBoris, folia vix sequantibus, ut in bracteolis et calycis dorso cinereo-pubescentibus ; bracteolis parvis a calyce remotis, lineari-oi)longis ; sepalis late-ellipsoideis ad obovatis ; biuis internis tria exterioria superantibus ; corolla, staminibusque . . . ; di^co hypogyno annulare prominulo, ovario glabro, subconico ; stigmatibus didymis, subglobosis.

Specimen of a single slender woody shoot, 45 cm. long, broken off below, barely reaching 2 mm. in diameter. Leaves 2 cm. or less in length by 1-5 cm. or less in breadth ; petioles not exceeding 4 mm. in length. Peduncles about 1-5 cm. long, •5--75 mm. thick; bracteoles 2-5-3 mm. long by 1 mm. or less in breadth, situated one-third the way up the peduncle. Sepals 5-7 mm. long, equal or slightly less in breadth ; ovary 2 mm. long, style 13 mm. long.

Near /. Holnhii Baker in Kew Bull. 1894, 72, but distinguished by its much smaller bracteoles, smaller leaves, &c.

Hab. Khodesia; Bulawayo, Dr. Rand, no. 141, December, 1897.

I. HiLDEBRANDTii Vatlio lu LinnsBa, xHii. 511 (1882).

East Tropical Africa; Ukambane, 5-6000 ft., G. F. Scott Elliot, no. 6723, 1893-4.

I. kituiensis Vatke, /. c.

East Tropical Africa; Kavirondo, G. F. Scott Elliot, no. 6991, 1893-4.

A form with small leaves, 3-5-4 cm. long by 5-6 cm. broad, and somewhat congested flowers.

I. ARGYROPHYLLA Vatkc, I. C. 510.

East Tropical Africa ; Langoro Road, 5,500 ft., G. F. Scott Elliot, no. 6877 a, 1893-4.

I, BucHANANi Baker in Kew Bull. 1894, 73.

East Tropical Africa; Nyassaland, BHchanan, no. 682, 1891.

I. FRAGRANs Bojcr in Hort. Maurit. 227(1837) nomen. Pharhitis vagrayis Boj. /. c. (nomen) ; Choisy in DO. Prodr, ix. 341,

58 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

East Tropical Africa ; Nyanza, Berkeley Bay, G. F. Scott Elliot, no. 7068, 1893-4. West Tropical Africa; Congo, Christian Sviith, nos. 10, 27.

I. Hierniana, sp. nov. Sufitrutex caulibus volubilibus robnstis velut tota plauta cinereo-puberulis ; foliis exacte cordatis acuminatis apiculatis, lamina petiolum sub^equante, in pagiiia siiperiore sparse, in inferiore, praecipue in venulis prominulis, densius puberula : pedunculis brevibus cum floribus panels superadditis laminam vix attingentibus, ut in bracteolis parvis cadncis pedicello et calyce albido-puberulis; sepalis snb?equalibus ellipticis obtiisis subcoriaceis niargine membranaceis ; corolla calycem 4-plo excedente, glabra super basin tubulosam infundibuliforme, areis mesopetalis 5-nerviis bene limitatis; antlieris sub ore corollas, filamentis elongatis asquali- bus ; fructu ....

The ribbed soft woody shoots reach 3 mm. in thickness in the specimen, which, up to the backs of the sepals, bears a fine covering of very short soft curled whitish hairs, densest on the leaf-stalks, the backs of the leaf-veins, and the flower-stalks and exposed backs of the sepals. Leaves papery in consistence, blade 7-13 cm. long by 5-5-9 cm. broad. Peduncles -5 cm. long; flowers subumbellate, geminate in the specimen, pedicels 6 mm. long, bracteoles lanceo- late, mostly fallen, 2 mm. long. Sepals 8-9 mm. long by about 4 mm. broad. Corolla 4 cm. long, including a tube of about 8 mm., stamens 3*5 cm. long.

Near I. fra<jrans Bojer, but distinguished by the very short peduncle and the shortly puberulous iufioresceuce.

Hab. Cameroons, Bipinde, Urwaldgebiet, Zenker, no. 1614, 1898. ^^ Ipomcea spec. aff. paiucuiat((."

The specific name recalls Mr. Hiern's connection with the West Tropical African Flora in the elaboration of Dr. Welwitsch's collections, the account of which is now complete.

I. Hovarum, sp. nov. Snffrutex caulibus elongatis prostratis tortis, siccis compressis, plus minus cinereopuberulis ; foliis ovato- cordatis acuminatis cum margine subundulato, utrinque minute puberulis ; petiolo velut pedunculis cinereo pubernlo quam lamina paullo breviore; pedunculis quam petioli 3-plo brevioribiis, dichasiis paucifloris, bracteolis oblongis ; sepalis chartaceis late ellipticis obtLsis, glabridis ; corolla rosea ad medium late tubulosa turn late infundibuliforme, calycem 6-plo excedente. glabra, areis mesopetalis 5-nerviis ; genitalibus tubo inclusis ; fructu ....

The specimen consists of a long trailing shoot more than 80 cm. long, hollow, and bearing a sparse whitish pubescence, denser in the yoiuiger part ; greatest thickness 3 mm. Leaves papery when dry, reaching 8 or 9 cm. in length by 7 in width at the base, and the petioles 6 cm. Peduncle 2*5 cm. long, pedicel -5 cm. or less, bracteoles caducous, 4-6 mm. long by 1-5-2 mm. broad. Calyx 12 mm. long ; corolla 6 cm. lont;, the lower half tubular-campauu- late, then broadly funnel-shaped, with a spread of 6 cm.

Approaches /. paniculata var. iuilivisa Hall. f. (/. cameninensis Taub.) in the shape of the leaf and corolla, but is distinguished by

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACE^, 59

its conical buds and elliptical sepals. The large calyx also separates it from /. fragrans Bojer. In habit it recalls I. nsarifolid R. & S., which it also somewhat resembles in the form of the flower ; but it is distinguished by the shape of its leaves and larger oblong bracts. Hab. Madagascar, Hihenherg d- Bojer.

AsTROcHL^NA MALVACEA Hall. f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xviii. 121 (1893). Breweria m.nlvacea Klotzsch in Peters Mossamb. i. 245, t. 37 (1862). Convohulus m<ilvaceus Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 117 (1875j.

East Tropical Africa; Kavirondo, no. 7121 ; Mpororo, 3000 ft., no. 8044; Shire, no. 8089; all G. F. Scott ElMnt, 1893-4.

Natal, near D'Urban, M'Ken, no. 695 (in herb. Trin. Coll. Dublin); Delagoa Bay, Bolus, no. 1325, 1886.

Var. EPEDUNCULATA, var. nov. Planta humilis ramis brevibus aggregatis, foliis parvis ovatis, cymis 2-4-floris axillaribus sessili- bus, floribus L^te roseo-purpureis speciosis.

" Springs in pretty tufts." Branches 6-16 cm. long, the thickest 2*5 mm. in diameter at the base. Leaves not exceeding 2*5 cm. in length by 1*5 in breadth, with a petiole barely '5 cm. long, generally smaller. Flower-pedicels •5-1*5 cm. Sepals lanceolate to bluntly ovate, 5-7 mm. long by 2*5-3 mm. broad. Corolla infundibuliform, 4*5 cm. long, with a tube 2 cm. long by 3 mm. in diameter at the base ; spread of mouth in dried specimen 4*5 cm.

Differs, and is at once distinguished from the species, by the sessile or almost sessile inflorescences.

Hab. Rhodesia; SaHsbury, /)/•. Rand, no. 511, September, 1898.

A. involuta, sp. nov. Suffrutex ramis strictis complanatis tortis, laxiter foliatis, velut pedunculis, pedicellis, et petiolis stellato-tomentosis ; foliis ovato-cordatis obtusis, breviter petio- latis, utrinque densiter stellato-pubescentibus, in facie superiore rugulosis, venis venulisque in facie inferiore prominentibus ; floribus in dichasiis axillaribus, pedunculis quam folia saepius brevioribus, bracteolis parvis ovatis caducis ; sepalis binis externis ellipticis obtusis, dorso prominenter pinnatinerviis stellato-pubes- centibus, sepalis internis ab externis majoribus fere occlusis, ellip- ticis ad oblongis, nervo mediano cariniforme, stellato-pubescente ; corolla marcida saspissime marginibus involutis, purpurea, ut ap- paret tubuloso-infundibuliformi, areis mesopetalis glabris cum nervis binis conspicuis limitatis ; antheris inclusis sagittatis, poUine echinulato ; stigmatibus oblongis ; fructu . . .

The specimens consist of the upper portions (about 30 cm. long) of several laxly leaved shoots with internodes hollow, flattened and grooved, and about 2 mm. broad, bearing, Ukc tiie peduncles, pedicels, leaf stalks, and prominent nervation on the under sur- face of the leaf, a dense faintly ferruginous toraentum of short stellate hairs. Leaves 2*5-3 cm. long or less, and nearly as broad, the upper surface rugulose by the depression of the veins and veinlets, petioles -5-1 cm. long. Peduncles 1-2*5 cm. long ; bracteoles minute, ovate, caducous, barely 3 mm. long, pedicels

60 THE JOURNAL, OF BOTANY

7-12 mm. long. Two outer sepals 7-8 mm. long by 5-6 mm. broad, the two inner slightly shorter and narrower, the third intermediate in size and shape. Corolla (withering) 3 cm. long, with tube 1-1-5 cm. long and 3 mm. in diameter, apparently of a deep purple colour. Filaments 4-8 mm. long, anthers 3 mm. long, slender style 12 mm. long.

Near A. iwdvacea, but certainly distinct, from its cordate-based leaves with their rui,niloss upper surface, broader sepals, &c.

Hab. British Ea&t Africa ; near Lake Marsabit, Lord Delamere, 1898.

A. Delamereana, sp. nov. Suffrutex caule robusto velut pedunculis, petiolisque densiter subferrugine stellato-tomentoso ; foliis pro gencre magnis late ovatis vel suborbicularibus, obtusis, basi subcordatis, margine undulato, utrinque stellato-pilosulis, venis at venulis in facie inferiore prominentibus stellato-tomen- tosis, petiolis robustis, quam foUa 5-plo brevioribus ; floribus pluribus brevi-pedicellatis, in pedunculis robustis quam folia brevioribus, capituliformiter aggregatis, braeteolis parvis oblongo- acumiuatis, caducis ; sepalis binis externis ovatis obtusiusculis dorso stellato-pilosulis, cetera angustiora (lanceolata) occludentibus; corolla calycem quadruplo supemnte, ut apparet anguste infundi- buHforme, areis mesopetalis glabris, cum nervis tril)us conspicuis lineatis ; filamentis iuaequalibus tubo inclu4s, antheris oblongo- sagittatis, pollme echinulato; stigmatibus rhomboidalibus ; ovario glabro ; fruciu ...

The specimen consists of the ends of a stout flowering branch, with several closely arranged leaves and axillary peduncles bearing a number of flowers crowded in a head. Shoot strong, woody, •5 cm. thick. Leaves 6-10 cm. long and broad, base shallowly cordate; petiole 1-5-2-5 cm. long. Peduncles generally 3-5 cm. long by about 2 mm. thick ; pedicels generally less than -5 cm. long. Sepals about 1 cm. long, the outer 4 mm. broad, the inner narrowing to 3 mm. Corolla 4*5 cm. long, the tube -5 cm. or less in diameter; filaments about 1 cm. long or less, anthers -5 cm.

A well-marked species, distinguished from A. malvacea by the broader more orbicular leaf, the dense capitate inflorescence, longer sepals, &c.

Hab. British East Africa ; Cantalla and Hadda, Lord Delamercy 1898.

A. HYOSCYAMOIDES Hall. f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xviii. 121 (1893).

British East Africa; Uganda, G. F. Scott Elliot, no. 6300, 1893-4.

Lepistemon africanum Oliv. in Hook. Icon. PI. t. 1270 (1878).

Mt. Ruwenzori, G. F. Scott Elliot, no. 8098, 1893-4.

DicHONDRA REPEMs Forst. var. SKRiCKA Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 451 . British East Africa; Kavirondo, G. F. Scott Elliot, 1893-4, no. 7062.

EvoLVULUs NUMMULARius L. Sp. PI. ed. ii. 391 (1762).

British East Africa; Nyanza, G. F, Scott Elliot, lS9S-4:,no.llS5,

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACEvE 61

E. ALSINOIDES L. Lc. 392.

British East Africa; Uganda, G. F.Scott Elliot, 189S-i,no.7iiA. Rhodesia ; Bulawayo, Dr. Rand, no. 127, Jan. 1898.

Seddera capensis Hall. f. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vi. 529 (1898). Rhodesia ; Salisbury, l)r. Rand, no. 126, Dec. 1897. S. soMALENsis Hall. f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xviii. 90 (1893). Somalilaud; Darar, Br. Donaldson Smith, Sept. 1894.

Convolvulus sagittatus Thunb. var. parviflorus subvar. abys- siNicus Hall. f. I.e. 533.

Somaliland; Habrawal, Dr. Donaldson Smith, 1899. British East Africa; Nyanza, G. F. Scott Elliot, 1893-4, no. 7145. Rhodesia; Salisbury, Dr. Rand, Sept. 1898, no. 510.

C. liniformis, sp. nov. Herba pusilla glabra, caulibus ascen- dentibus teuuibus ramosis ; folds breviter petiolatis linearibus basi incunspicue auriculatis, apice breviter acutis ; floribus solitariis, pedunculis folia paullo excedentibus, bracteolis parvis lanceolatis ; sepalis sub£equalibus, oblougis, breviter mucronatis, chartaceis '; corolla calycem 2|-plo excedente, rosea, late infundibulare, areis mesopetalis male limitatis ; staminibus inclusis ; stiginate lineari- oblongo ; fructu . . .

A small low-growing plant, the specimens consisting of slender ascending shoots with spreading-ascending branches ; the longest shoot is 10 cm. high, and their thickness is from -5 to -7 mm. Leaves 8-15 mm. lung including a stalk of about 2 mm., 1-5 mm.* or less in width. Peduncles 2 cm. or less in length, bracteoles

2 mm. long, 3-4 mm. below the calyx. Sepals 7-8 mm. loug by 2'5-3-5 mm. broad. Corolla 2 cm. long, and as broad at the mouth.

Approaches the slender-leaved forms of 0. sar/ittatus Thunb., but is distmguished by its uniformly Iniear leaves with only a trace of auricles at the base, and by its larger flowers.

Hab. South Africa; Zeyher, 1846, no. 1220; Schoonstroom River, Burke (no. 283, in herb. Trin. Coll. Dublm).

0. Hilsenbergiana, sp. nov. SuftVuticosa volubilis cauHbus gracihbus subferrugme pilosulis ; foliis cordatis obtusis margine crenulatis, petiolis venisque priecipue in pagina inferiore velut peduncuUs subferrngine pilosulis; petiolo laminam sub^equante ; pedunculis quam folia brevioribus uni- vel bi-Horis ; bracteolis subulatis parvis; sepalis rotunde ellipticis breviter cuspidatis chartaceis margine interdum quoque dorso plus minus subferrn- gine pilosulis ; corolla calycem vix duplo excedente breviter et late infundibuhforme, areis mesopetalis cum nervis 5 parallelis delineatis sub apice pilosuhs ; staminibus inclusis, poUine leve sphaeroido-tetrahediale; stigmate lineaii-obloni^'o ; pericarpio gla- bro, capsula 2-valvata, semiuibus 2 nigns granulatis.

The specimen consists of slender detached sparsely branching shoots to 65 cm. loug, and barely reaching 2 mm. in thickness". Leaves reaching 5*5 cm. long including a petiole of 2-5 cm., by

3 cm. broad, becoming gradually smaller as we ascend the upper part of the shoot, almost glabrous on the upper surface, pilosulose

62 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

on the veins of tlie lighter coloured lower face. Flowers solitary on a short peduncle 6-10 mm. long, or the lower geminate on longer peduncles (to 8*5 cm.) ; bracteoles 3-4 mm. long. Sepals 6 mm. long by about 4 mm. broad. Corolla scare -ly exceeding 1 cm. long. Anthers shortly sagittate. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled, capsule containing two black seeds with granulated testa.

Is perhaps nearest the Soutti African C. hastatus Thunb. and 0. sngittatus Thunb., which it resembles in the form of the flower, but is at once distinguished by the very characteristic cordate crenulate margined leaves. It also approaches C parvijiorus Vahl, but is distinguished by the solitary or geminate flowers, blunt sepals, and obtuse crenulate leaves.

Hab. Madagascar; near Tannanarivo, Hilsenherg d Bojer ; Anka- fana and Bara, Deans Cowan, 1880.

C. BuUeriana, sp. nov. Suffrutex humilis glaucescens, ramis prostratis tenuibus, minute pubescentibus ; foliis breviter petiolatis, angusto-hastatis, cum margine iutegro, lobis basalibus parvis re- curvulis, utrinque pilosulis saepius planis ; floribus solitariis, pedunculo folium excedente caule simili ; bracteolis linearibus velut pedicello pilosulis; pedicello quam calyx breviore; sepalis magnis chartaceis, ovatis, apice obtusis vel acutiusculis, dorso pilo- sulis, externis quam interiores majoribus ; corolla lutea, calycem duplo excedente, infundibuliforme, lobis triangularibus, areis meso- petalis male limitatis dorso pilosulis ; poUine tetrahedrale, glabro ; stigmatibus filiformibus sublougis ; fructu . . .

The slender spreading branches 20-30 cm. loQg, 1 mm. in diameter. Leaves 2-75-3*5 cm. long, 2-5-4 mm. broad above the hastate base, from which the blade tapers gradually to an obtuse or subacute apex, basal lobes blunt, 2-3 mm. long, sometimes with an indication of a small secondary lobe on the outside; petioles slender, 4-7 mm. long. Peduncle of the only open flower 3*5 cm. long, bracteoles 6-8 mm. long, pedicel 1 cm. Outer sepals 1-5 cm. long by 7 mm. broad at the base, reddish brown when dry. Corolla a little over 3 cm. long; the barely exserted stigmas 6 mm. long. Fruit absent.

Approaches C. plicatm Desv. in its habit, large ovate sepals, and general structure and arrangement of the solitary flowers, but is at once distinguished by its narrowly hastate leaves with uncut margins ; the flowers are also larger, and yellow in colour.

Hab. Natal; hill near Mooi River, at 4500 ft., J. M. Wood, no. 6206, Dec. 8, 1896.

Merremia palmata Hall. f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xviii. 112 (1893). Rhodesia ; Bulawayo, Dr. Rand, Dec. 1897, uos. 128, 129 ; May, 1898, no. 364. Dammara-land, T. G. Een, 1879. M. pterygocaulos Hall. f. /. c. 113. British East Africa ; Uganda, G. F. Scott Elliot, 1893-4, no. 7242.

M. angustifolia Hall. f. I. c. 117.

British East Africa ; Uganda, G. F. Scott Elliot, 1893-4, no. 7217. Rhodesia, Bulawayo, Dr. Rand, Dec. 1897, no. 130.

NOTES ON AFRICAN CONVOLVULACE^F- 63

M. Bowieana, sp. nov. Suffrutpx caulibus volubilibus tereti- bus rigidis glabris striatis ; foliis sessilibiis crassiusculis linearibus mticronulatis, siccis sa3piiis plicatis, in facie saperiore pilosnlis, iiifei-iorc glabresceiitibus ; fioribas s^epiiis solitariis, interdum di- cbasialibus, pcdunculis caule siinilibus, sed ))arce pilosulis, folia sub^eqiiantibus; bracteolis lineari-lanceolatis; pedicello calycem baud aequaute. ferrugine piiosulo ; sepalis late ellipticis ad late obovatis, cbartaceis, dorso ferrugine pilosnlis, binis eKternis ties ioteriores excedentibiis ; corolla calycem vix diiplo excedente, e tubo brevi iniundibuliforme, areis mesopetalis dorso dense et ferrugine pilosis ; staminibiis inclusis, filamentis tenuibus superne attenuatis, an- theris linearibus basi sagittatis, polline ellipsoideo, granuloso ; stigmate parvo globoso, ovario glabro ; fructu . . .

Stem slender, wiry, 1-25 mm. in diameter. Leaves 3-4 cm. long, 2'5-4 mm. broad, a few of the upper shorter and broader and irregularly shaped (spathulate, or lanceolate and obscurely 3- dentate). Peduncles 2-5-4-5 cm. long ; bracteoles 7-8 mm. long by 2 mm. broad ; pedicels 1 cm. long or less. Sepals 13-10 mm. long, 10 mm. or less in breadth ; corolla 2-5 cm. long, tube scarcely 8 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, mouth apparently about 1*5 cm. broad. Style in withered flowers 1*5 cm. long, the terminal globose; stigma less than 1 mm. in diameter.

A very distinct species, nearest to ill. anijmtifolid, but dis- tinguished by its stouter rigid wiry stem, thick stiffish linear leaves, and larger flowers, especially the conspicuous calyx.

Hab. Cape Colony ; on roadsides in the districts of Zwellendam and George, Bowie .

M. malvsefolia, sp. nov. Suf!"rutex caulibus elongatis, sub- flexuosis, asceudentibus, e specimine simplicibus ut tota planta minute hispidulis, siccis compressis ; foliis inter minores reni- formibus, trilobatis, lobis basalibus bilobulatis, nervis principibus 3 palmatis, velut nervulis prominulis, petiolis quam folia brevi- oribus ; pedunculis valde elongatis, folia pluries superantibus, curvatis, unifloris ; bracteolis parvis, pauUo inter se discretis, anguste oblanceolatis ; sepalis ellipticis, obtusis, subcoriaceis, subasqualibus, dorso sparse hispidulis ; corolla (lutea ?) calycem 2^-plo excedente, late infundibulifornie, areis mesopetalis colore et nervis 5 (? semper) distinctis dorso pilosulis ; antheris sagit- tatis tortis, filamentis subgequalibus subulatis ; polHne ellipsoideo, espinuloso, superticie granuloso, cum areis tribus depressis vix granulosis longitudinalibus ; stigmatibus globosis.

The specimen consists of a single slender shoot nearly 1 metre long, springing from a slender woody base ; it scarcely reaches 1-5 mm. in breadth, and, like the whole plant, bears a barely perceptible ash coloured hispidulous covering. Leaves l-5-2'5 cm. long, 2-5-3-5 cm. broad, 3-lobed to the middle, the lateral lobes more shortly and unequally 2-lobed ; hispidulous chiefly on the veins of the lower surface. Petioles 1-2 cm. long. Peduncles about 10 cm. long ; bracteoles 5-6 mm. long by 2 mm. broad above the middle. Sepals 10-12 mm. long by about 5 mm. broad. Corolla 2*5 cm. long.

64 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

A very distinct species, belonging to the same set as M. qiierci- foLia Hall, f., but distinguished at once by its mallow-like leaves.

Hab. Cape Colony ; Kowie sand hills, Eastern frontier, P. MacCoivan, no. 403, Dec. 1863 (in herb. Trin. Coll. Dublin).

NOTES ON JERSEY PLANTS.

By L. V. Lester, M.A., F.L.S.

The following rough notes, compiled during five years' residence in Jersey, may be of interest to British botanists. Babington's PiimiticB Flora Sarnicm, published in 1839, the result of two visits to the Channel Islands in July-August, 1837, and June-August, 1838, is out of date and most misleading. Many plants are in- cluded in it, mostly on the authority of Professor Lagasca and Mr. B. Saunders, which certainly never grew in Jersey;''' many other plants are omitted. Mr. J. Piquet published a list of Jersey plants in the Proceediiu/s of the Societe Jersiaise in 1896, which represents the flora of the island much better ; but it is not much more than a very useful catalogue, and rarely distinguishes between natives and foreigners. In the course of five years' fairly assiduous botanizing I have collected materials for a Flora of Jersey, which I hope before very long to publish ; and I should be very grateful if any botanists who have records or notes which they do not intend to use themselves would be kmd enough to communicate them to me.

Ranunculus opliioylosdfolius Vill. is extinct. — R, chcarophyllus L. is still to be found in the only known locality. Probably native.

Fumaria Burai Jord. is a most abundant and characteristic Jersey plant.

Crambe maritima L. Extinct.

Viola nana DC. Abundant in sandy places.

DUmthus gallicus DC. A plant found growing in some quantity by Mr. Piquet, in 1897, in an out-of-the-way part of the sandy bay of St. Oueu's, was thus named by Mr. F. N. Williams in Journ. Bot. 1898, p. 493. There is a large patch, and the locality looks as if it were beyond suspicion ; but St. Ouen's Bay is full of casuals and naturalized aliens. Not found in Normandy, but common on the sands of the west coast of France as far north as Quimper, in South Brittany. Just possibly native ; certainly well established.

The abundance of small Leguminom belonging to the genera Trigonella, Medirago, Tn/oliuui, Lotus, and Orniihopus is a marked feature. — Trifolium Molinerii Balb. Only on a small islet in Por- telet Bay, accessible at low water. — T. strictum L. One of the rarest of Jersey plants.

* [The mistakes were probably due to the latter, as Lagasca knew plants well. In his diary under Aug. 7, 1837, Babington writes : " Called upon Mr. B. Saunders of the Caesarean Nursery, who showed us a list that he had formed of the native plants of the island, and allowed us to extract those names which did not occur in our list " {Memorials of C. C. Babington, p. 66).— Ed. Journ. Bot.]

NOTES ON JERSKY PLANTS 6&

Ludwifjia palnstris Elliott. Probably extinct. — (Enothera odorata Jacq. Thoroughly naturalized and abundant in saudy places. Ap- parently spreading.

Scahinsa maritima L. One locality in St. Ouen's Bay. Lloyd (Fl. de rOiiest de France) does not regard it as native north of the Gironde. Probably introduced at some tune or other with lucerne seed.

Gnaphidium nndulatuni L. An African species from the Cape of Good Hope, thoroughly naturalized in several localities in the south-west of the island. Naturalized also in Normandy and Brittany. Name confirmed by Herr J. Freyn (Report of Bot. Exch. Club, 1897). — Dlotis candidLssima Desf. Only known from one locality, and now destroyed by the building of a sea-wall in St. Ouen's Bay. Much of the best botanizing ground in the sandy bays is being rapidly spoilt by similar useless and costly constructions. A species with apparently a diminishing area. — Matricaria maritima L. = Pyrethrnm, maritimum Sm. Abundant in many places on the coast. It is hard to believe that this is nothing but a variety of M. inodora L., but Lloyd declares that he raised ordinary inland M. inodora from the seeds " des la premiere annee," at the same time acknowledging that it is a "remarkable variety." — Centaurea paniculata L. cannot, I think, be regarded as a native, if its continental distribution is taken into account. It is not found in Normandy, Brittany, or West France. In Jersey it is abundant in a single locaUty, close to the Scahiasa maritima L., where it has been for at least thirty years. The case of C. aspera L. is slightly different. It is abundant in St. Ouen's Bay, and rare in the south-east of the island. In Normandy it seems to be a casual, and Lloyd regards it as introduced on the coast of Brittany. In Guernsey it is, according to Mr. E. D. Marquand, " very rare and local." Just possibly native, but to be regarded, I am afraid, with suspicion.— C. Calcitrapa L., if ever native, is now certainly extinct. — Hieracium Fdosella L. var. pilosissimwu Wallr. {H. Peleteriamim Mer.) is extremely abundant. The type is comparatively I'are.— ■ H. umheUatum L. var. littorale Lindeb. is common on the cliffs of the north coast. — HypochcBris maenlata L. is plentiful in a single locahty, which is also the only station in the Channel Islands for the Cowslip. It is not found'in Guernsey, Normandy, or Brittany, or in West France north of the Loire ; but the locality seems quite above suspicion, and the English counties in which it occurs are widely separated from one another.

Anchusa sempervirens L. Frequent in hedges and near houses, and in one place apparently native. It looks native in the woods about Dinan, in Brittany. — Echiam planta(jineum. L. is abundant. It was plentiful about St. Helier's in Ray's day (Sj/nopsis, ed. 2, 119 (1696) ). On the other hand, it is only a rare casual in Guern- sey, and does not appear in Normandy, or in West France north of the Loire.

Linaria Pelisseriana Mill, has become extremely rare, and is probably doomed.

Mentha Pulegium L. Probably extinct.

Journal of Botany. — Vol. 39. [Feb, 1901.] f

66 THE JOUKNAL OF BOTANY

Atriplex portuUicoides L. Destroyed in its only station by the operations for the extension of the harbour at St. Heher's, which were afterwards discontinued.

SncB'la nmritima Dumort. ? Extinct. I have seen a Jersey specimen.

Tiie only Willows which can be sa'd with certainty to be native are 8. ciiurfa L., which is very common, and S. repens L., which is only found in one locality.

Xarcissus P.seudo-Xnrcissus L. Locally abundant in woods and on the cliffs. Omitted from Babington, and not in Guernsey.

Lagurus uvatus L. has been introduced from Guernsey, and is well established in St. Ouen's Bay. — Bromis mfidritenio's var. ri(jidus Bab. (not Roth, whose plant is '^a stouter form with a larger panic e " (see E. Hackel in Report of Bot. Exch. Club, 1898, p. 593). On the islet in Portelet Bay on which TnfoHwn MoHneiii grows, and also about Gouray. — B. maxiwus Desf. Abundant in sandy places. Not B. riijidus Roth, as in the London (Uitalofiw, which is "nothing but stout madritemis'' (Hackel, /. c), though placed byGrenierand Godron under maximus.

Since the publication of his list in 1896, the following plants have been added to the Jersey flora by Mr. Piquet, in a short supplementary list published in 1898 : —

Carex pfiniculata L. — Phalaris minor Retz. has been plentiful for tlie last few years on and near the railway to the east of St. Helier's, but cannot be reg irded as a native, though Mr. C. K. P. Andrews considered it to be indigenous in Guernsey. See Jouru. Bot. 1900, p. 33, where the plant is de-cnbed and figured. — O/diinrflossum viihiamm L. w;is discovered by a lady then residing in Jersey, who showed me the locality in 1897.

In Journ. Bot. 1900, p. 278, Mr. S. Guiton adds Vicia lutea L., from the rocky hill on which Mt. Orgueil Castle is built. A doubtful native : the old Castle grounds are full of semi-naturalized relics of cultivation.

Corydalis claviculata DC. and Orchis pyramidalis L.

The following plants, for which I am responsible, have not, to my knowledge, been recorded for Jersey before : —

Frankenia leevis L. Plemont, 1899. Apparently extinct in Guernsey. It is included in Babington from the Greve d'Azette, but on the authority of Mr. B. Saunders, which is quite valueless.

Sugina ciliata Fr. La Moie, 1899.

Trifolium maritimum Huds. St. Aubin's Bay, 1898. Possibly only a casual.

Anthriscus silvestris Hoffm. The Ecrehos Rocks, eight miles east of Jersey. Common in Alderney [Mr. E. D. Marquand), not in Jersey or Guernsey.

Galium ochroleucnm Syme. Portelet Bay and West Mount, 1897.

Hieracium rigidum Hartm. var. acrifolium Dahlst. {Jide Rev. W. Moyle Rogers). Waterworks Valley, 1897. Whether this is the same as " H. lavigatum Willd. Koch. var. /?," recorded by Babington from the Quenvais, I do not know.

SOME PROPOSED CHANGES IN NOMENCLATURE 67

Lysimachia Nummularia L. Longueville, 1900. Another of Mr. B. Saunders's records.

Orohauche Hedera Duby. St. Helier's, 1897. Mt. Orgueil, where Mr. E. D. Marquand found it in abundance, 1900.

LiizuJa Forsteri DC. St. Aubin's, 1898- " Jersey, Prof. La Gasca," Bab. — L. maxima DC. Bonne Nuit Bay, 1898.

Lfmna poh/rrhiza li. Samares, 1899.

Zostera nana Roth. Often washed up in St. Aubin's Bay and on the Greve d'Azette.

Carex Fsendo-ci/penis L. St. Ouen's Pond, 1900. Inaccessible, except in a very dry summer.

Deschawpsia Jie.vuom Trin. St. Helier's, 1897. — Festuca anui- dinacea Schreb. St. Aubin's Bay, 1897.

Chara aapera Willd. St. Ouen's Pond, 1900. Name confirmed by Mr. H. Groves.

yitella fie.vilis Agardh. St. Peter's Valley, 1900. Named by Mr. H. Groves.

SOME PROPOSED CHANGES IN NOMENCLATURE. By James Britten, F.L.S.

In the course of working out the nomenclature for the IVus* trations of the Botany of Cook's First Voyage, now in course of publication, certain changes have seemed necessary, which it may be well to put on on record in a form more easily accessible. One such change has already been noted in the substitution of Cosmia for Calandrinia (Jouin. Bot. 1900, 76) ; those now to be given affect genera which will appear in the part of the Illustrations shortly to be issued.

Huttum.

This ugly name, which, like many by the same author, seems devoid of meaning, was pubhshed by Adanson in his Families des Plantes, ii. 88 (1763). There is no doubt as to what he had in view, for in his Index he cites •' Rumph. 3, t. lU a 116," and the first of these plates is cited by the Forsters when establishing their Barrinytonia (Char. Gen. p. 76, t. 38 (1776)).

There has been so much divergence of opinion as to the position of the imperfect specimen collected by Banks & Solander and pre- served in the National Herbarium, that I propose to follow Miers in regarding it as a distinct species, for which I retain his specific name; it will therefore stand as Huttum culyptratuiu. Seemaun: (Fl. Vit. 83) assigns it doubtfully to H, (Barrinytonia) edule; Bentliam (Fl. Austral, iii. 28) refers to it as intermediate between H. (B.) speciosum. and H. yB.) acntawjulum ; Mueller (Fragm. ix. 118) places it under H. (B.) racemosum, to which it is certainly more nearly aUied than to either of the other species named. None of these authors, however, consulted the plate, which will be re- produced in the Illustrations.

i- 2

68 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

CUMBIA.

This name was published, as cited in the hidex Kewensis, by Francis Bnclianan (afterwards Hamilton) in his Jounien from Madras, iii. 187(1807). The entry stands simi'ly as '^ Ciunhia. The Pelon of the Hort. Mai.'' =•' ; but this citation of a good figure and full description, which has always been recognized as repre- senting the plant usually known as Careya arborex, is sufficient to justify the retention of Cmnbia, and to prevent its being regarded as a novien nudwn. That Hamilton liimself intended to establish the genus is clear from his statement in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 96 (1827), where, while adopting Roxburgh's name Careya for the tree, he says : '*I had previously called it Ciinibia, and under this name gave specimens and a drawing to Sir J. E. Smith." He here (L. c. 97) adds a specific name to his genus (wrongly citing it as from Mysore, iii. 187), and calls the tree Cumhia\ ConeancB. The name of the Australian species will be Cumbia australis.

'^ Nelitris.

As pointed out by Trimen (Fl. Cejdon. ii. 339), '*the genus Timoniiis dates only from [DC. Prodr. iv. 461] 1830, and should rightly be superseded by Xelitrh [Gaertn. Fruct. i. 134] (1788); for Gaertuer's figure of the fruit (t. 27, f. 5) shows that this was the plant intended. He has in the text, however, confused it with some Eugenia, the specimens having been named ' Wal-jambu.' The name thus became applied by De Candolle to a genus of Myrtaceffi (properly Decaspermum. Forst.)."

The type of the genus is N. Jambosella Gsertn. I.e. (T.Jamhosella Thw. Enum. 153 (1859)), a name erroneously given in the Index Kewensis as a synonym of I\ Kceniyii ; the widely distributed T. Humphii, with which as an Australian plant J am concerned, may be called N. Timon, that being the earliest specific name ; it is the Erithalis Timon of Sprengel (Pugillus, i. 18 (1813) ).

Niebuhria.

Niebuhria of Necker (Elem. i. 30 (1790)) must, I think, replace the generally accepted Wedeiia of Jacquin.

In his Iter Hispanicum (1758), Loefling describes two genera — Wedelia (p. 180) and AUionia (p. 181). In 1759, Linnaeus (Syst. ed. 10, 890) united the two genera under the latter name, and gave trivial names to each, calling Loefling's AUionia, A. violacea, and his Wedelia, A. incarnata. The latter has been accepted as the type of the genus AUionia, of which indeed it is the only species retained in the Index Kewensis, where the genus is referred to " Loefl. Iter, 181 (1758); Linn. Syst. ed. x. 890(1759)."

Loefling's AUionia = Oxybaphus of L'Heritier and of authors, for which it has been restored by recent North American botanists

* Vol. iii. p. 85, tab. 36.

t It appears from Hamilton [1. c.) that Cumbia was formed by him from the native name Kumb or Kumbi.

MYXOBACTERIA

69

(Morong and Brittoii-aiid-Brown). This necessitates the recogni- tion of Wedelia as the correct genus-name for the plant called by LinnoBus Alluma incarnata. Mr. Jackson cites Weddia incarnata (in italics) as from "Linn. Syst. ed. x. 890 " ; this combination, however, is not given by Linnaeus, and the name will stand as of Jacks. Ind. Kew. ii. 122^ (1895). Two other names are given in the I'inie.v under Wedelia — '^ incariiatu Linn. Syst. ed. x. 890," and " malachroides Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph, 114 " ; the former is not given by Linnaeus under Wedelia, and the latter appears in the Botany of the Sulphur (p. 44) as " AUionia (Wedelia) malacoides."

If Wedelia of Loefling be retained, it is clear tliat the later Wedelia Jacq. (Enum. Carib. 8 (1760 ( ) must go ; the earhest name for this appears to be Niehuhria of Necker (Elem. i. 30 (1790) ), Scopoli's earlier genus of that name being referred to Baltimore ; the later Niehuhria of De Candolle is now usually combined with Mama. The two Australian species with which I am concerned are : —

N. BIFLORA.

Wedelia biflora DC. apud Wight Contrib. p. 18 (1834). Wollastonia bijiora DC. Prodr. v. 546 (1836).

N. SPILANTHOIDES.

Wedelia sjnUmthoides F. Muell. Fragm. v. 64 (1865).

Although Niehuhria is not taken up in the Welwitsch Catalogue, Mr. Hiern concurs in its adoption.

Razumovia. This genus was founded by Sprengel in 1807 (Mant. Prima, 1807, p. 45) for the plant subsequently known as Centranthera hiDiiifusa Wall., a name retained in the Flora of British India (iv. 301), where, however, Sprengel's name is cited as a synonym. Razumovia clearly antedates Centranthera, which was published by Brown (Prodr. 438) in 1810. C. hispida Br. will therefore stand as Razumovia hispida, and C. humifusa will be superseded by R.

TRANQUEBARICA Spreng.

MYXOBACTERIA.

By a. Lorrain Smith.

In 1892, Prof. Thaxter, of Harvard, published, in the Botanical Gazette, xvii. p. 389, the first results of his observations on the group of Schizomycetes that he has named Mycobacteria. These are bacteria that live on dead or decaying organic substances. They have power of slow movement, and flow together, forming col- lectively bodies of very definite and distinctive shape. The author distinguishes two periods in the life- history of these organisms. In the first, which he terms the vegetative period, there is a slow swarming of rod-like bacteria, which form a gelatinous secretion that connects the different individuals together. These swarm over the matrix on which they live, and, at certain definite points, they flow upwards, and form the variously shaped, erect bodies that he

70 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

has described. This is the second state, and is the resting or en- C3^sted stage of the Myxohacteria ; a gelatinous wall is formed round the cysts, and they are capable of resisting adverse conditions such as cold, drought, or mechanical disturbance. In the simplest types, the resting stage is formed of simple, papillate, upright bodies, sessile or supported on a stalk ; but others have a much more com- plicated appearance, being fashioned into coralloid coiled strands, or into elongate branched stalks with numerous heads. In due time the contents of the cyst, rods or cocci, emerge, and the life- cycle begins over again. The cysts of the Myd'ohacteria are brightly coloured, so far as they have been observed ; they are usually of some shade of yellow or red, but brown and green species have also been noted. Most of them retain their bright colours, with some variations, through the different life-stages.

Prof. Thaxter distinguishes three groups or genera of Myxo- hacteria— Cliondromyces and My.robacter, in which the encysted and swarming stage are equally composed of rods ; and Myxococcus, in which the rods become transformed into cocci or spores when they form into cysts. In Chondromyres the cysts remain more softly gelatinous, and may fuse togetlier if adjacent to each other. The cysts of Myx'>hacUr have a thick-walled gelatinous envelope, in wliich are included one or more cysts. The first member of the family tliat was recorded was Chontlromyccs crocatus Berk. & Curt., from South Carolina. It has an upright, somewhat branched irreguhir stalk, and several heads. The authors placed it among the Hyphoniycetes, where it remained until rescued by Prof. Thaxter, who has had it under observation, and who has described its true nature and affinities.

Zukal, in a paper published in the Berich. Deut. Bot. Gesel. vol. XV. p. 542 (1897), states that the old monotypic genus Pdly- angium of Link is the same as Thaxter's genus Myxohacter, and claims for it priority of nomenclature. He had had PuJyangium vitellinum under observation some years ago, and considered it then to be a species of Mycetozoon ; it is to be regretted that Zukal does not give a more detailed account of his observations of Polyanyium. In 1886, Schroter, in Pilze Schl. p. 170, founded the genus Cysto- hacter, with two species. Both of these are typical Myxohacteria, and, in a paper published in the Bot. Gazette, vol. xxiii. p. 395 (1897), Prof. Thaxter accepts Cystobacterfidvus Schrot. as a member of his Myxohdcter group, and sinks the name in favour of Schroter's. The other species described by Schroter belongs to the older genus • Cliondromyces.

In the same paper Prof. Thaxter follows up his previous observations by a further description of spore-formation in Myxo- coccus. The rods in this genus do not divide for sporulation, as he at first thought they did ; they gradually enlarge at one end, and become shorter, each rod forming an almost round spore. The subsequent germination of these spores or cocci was also followed most satisfactorily; their contents formed into a rod which emerged from the spore, the empty case being left behind, or in some cases it remained for a time attached to the end of the full-grown rod.

MYXOBACTERIA 71

Most of the specimens described are from America ; one species is recorded from Liberia, in Africa ; and Zukal has recently found in Vienna four species of Clionihuiniicea identical with tliose dis- covered by Tliaxter; he has also described one new species — MyxococcKs mucrosporun.

The specimen I have had under observation ^^rew on some pellets of rabbit-dung on which I was watching froui day to day the development of Dicti/osUdiuin, one of the near allies of the Mt/j:ohacteria. The pellets were gathered, on account of their very mouldy appearance, at Llanwymawddwy, in Merioneth.shire, towards the end of the long dry season of 1899. They were put away in a dry place for several weeks, then moistened and kept in a damp atmosphere. Numerous fnngi soon made their appearance, and in due course the cysts of what I now know were Myxobacteria. They looked exactly like the minute perithecia of some species of Nectria ; they were of a bright pinkish-orange colour, and grew in large numbers over the pellets. They were easily distinguishable with a small-power field-glass. A closer microscopic examination showed that the perithecia-like bodies were formed entirely of micrococci that were colourless when dispersed; there was no trace of fungal hyphse, and they could only be bacteria. I tried to cultivate the cocci in a hanging drop of sterilized decoction of the pellets, without success. Tube-cultures were also tried with a mixture of the decoction and gelatine, and these resulted in small spherical colourless colonies distributed in the gelatine after a few days, On examination these were seen to be formed of actively motile rods. An attempt was made to cultivate some of the bacteria from the colonies on carefully sterilized pellets, and so establish a relation between the different forms ; but this was, for unknown reasons, also unsuccessful. The coloured cysts first observed had disappeared meanwhile, and the whole matter was laid aside.

In the Xatura/ist for November, 1900, I observed a reference by Mr. Massee to Prof. Thaxter's work on Mi/xohacteria, and recognized the nature of the cocci. I have no longer any doubt that the motile rods in the culture-tubes were a stage of the encysted cocci. Tne species differs in form and colour from the members of the genus already described, and is therefore an addition to the growing numbers of Myxohacteria,

L ^

oooo n^ 0 o ^ u^

B

Myxococcus pyriformis. — A. Cysts magnified about 50 diameters. B. Cocci from the cysts. C. Rods from tlie colonies in the culture-tubes, both magnified 2400 diameters.

Myxococcus pyriformis, sp. n. Cysts scattered, pear-shaped, minute, varying in size, about ^ mm. in height, bright pinkish- orange-coloured, on a short transparent gelatinous stalk composed

7'2 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

of cocci wliich are irregularly round or somewhat oval, 1-1'5 fi in diameter, or 2 x 1*5 /x ; colonies in the culture-tubes colourless or dirty white, formed of motile rods varying in length up to about 3 X -8 /x.

I have to thank Mr, Blackman for his valued advice and assist- ance during the progress of my investigation. The work was carried out in the Botanical Laboratory of the British Museum, and stained slides of the cocci and rods are placed in the Herbarium.

SHORT NOTES.

Viola tricolor L. var. nana DC. — The specimens mentioned by Mr. E. G. Baker as from Scilly are doubtless identical with the Channel Isle specimens. They are from Tresco, May, 1886 (IF. Curnoiv) ; St. Martin's, June, 1877 {J. Bdlj's). Mr. Curnow labelled the specimens " V. Curtisii.'' It was also distributed from St. Brelade's Bay, Jersey (Eer. A. Ley), named by Mr. Lloyd (Exchange Club Report for 1885, p. 124 (1886) ). I have it also from Mr. Andrews's station, gathered by Miss Dawber in 1894 ; also from Grand Havre, Guernsey, 1890, by the same lady. The plant is fully described by Mr. N. E. Brown in Eng. Bot. Supp. ed. 3, p. 32. Another interesting form of tricolor is that named by Mr. Lloyd " V. con finis Jordan, I". Provostii Bor." (Ex. Club Report, I.e.). It was gathered at Ecton, in North Staffordshire, by the Rev. W. H. Purchas. This has much the facies of (utea, but the colour is paler, and the growth that of tricolor. It is greatly to be desired that Mr. Baker will follow up the study of these plants, as there are several wanting names, and I trust that all who can will send him material. An interesting form occurs at Sheringham, Norfolk, wliich I have been unable to identify ; I hope Mr. Baker will do so. — Arthur Bennett.

A Suffolk Note. — Accompanying specimens of Lycopodium in Petiver's Hort. Sice. Angl. (Herb. Sloane, 150, fol. 46) is a note by Adam Buddie which may be worth transcribing, as it mentions a local botanist unknown, so far as I am aware, to fame. Buddie's visit to Lothingland is referred to iu this Journal for 1881 (p. 55) by R. A. Pryor, who thought that it probably took place during Buddie's residence at Heuley, Suffolk, about 1697. This sef'ms to be confirmed by his note as to Lycopodium chivaUnn, which is interestmg, as the only locality recorded for the plant in the Flora of Snfnik is Tuddenham Heath, which is not very distant from Henley, and v\h cli is also a locality for L. inundatnni, the "crt epiiig Clubmoss " meniiontd by Buddie. The note (which is not dated) ji^us : — " I found y® Museus clavatus on a heath near me but very sjiaiingly y* being y^ onely head I found. The other creeping club moss I found abundantly on a boggy place on a heath in y^ Isle of Lovingland [Lothingland] y^ best place for simpling in Suffolk. I there found Sium alterum Olusatri facie [Cicnta virosa] ,

SHORT NOTES 78

Aspleninm siveCeterach, Equisetiim nudum G. asperum [E. hyemaJe] , Lathyrus vicineformis &c [/.. pahistris] , Eryiigium vulgaie seu medi- terraiiiii [E. oimpcstir] , with other rare phmts tho no strangers to you, in y" company of one Mr. Barker of Beccles an industrious botanist who without banter knows to a yard square of ground where every rare phint of y*" Island grows, having search'd it for these severall years past." — James Britten.

The Box in Britain. — Dunstable is mentioned as a locality for Box on p. 29. The Box grows apparently wild on the chalk downs near Ashridge and Berkhampstead, some six or seven miles from here. I believe there are some old trees, but I have not been for some years. Near by, at the foot of the chalk hills, is Boxmoor. The Ashridge Hills are geologically similar with the Box Hill of the South Downs. The local name near Ashridge and Ivanhoe is *'Box Hill." The Box district here is chiefly in Hertfordshire, although the Box is not included in Mr. R. A. Pryor's flora of the county. There is a place in Beds on the top of Dunstable Downs (chalk), about four miles from here, near Whipsuade, named Box- stead, the local pronunciation of which is Buck-stead. There is a place named *'Boxe" in Domesday Book for Herts, sect, xxviii. ; I see by maps that this was in S. Beds or N. Herts, as Boxe is associated with Craulai and Westone (Crawley and Westoning) in S. Beds, and Oflelei (Offley), close by, in N. Herts. At the latter place there are chalk hills with woods, identical with the hills and woods where the Box now grows near Ashridge and Berkhampstead, but whether Box occurs on these hills now I do not know. Chauncy, Historical Antiquities of Hertfordshire, vol. ii. p. 126, 1826, identifies the Boxe of Domesday with Box and Boxbury, and says: — " Tiiis was a Vill or Parish, which was scituated between the Parishes of Stevenage, Chivesfield, and Walkerne ; there was anciently a Church to the same, which was erected in a Field on the Hill near the Woods, now called the Church-yard, where the Foundations may be seen ; and this Parish was called Box from a great wood, which retains this name to this day." On p. 128 he refers to Box- bury : — "As to the other Moyety of this Mannor, and Tythes of Boxbury King H. VIII granted them," &c. Two miles S.E. of Boxwood is Box Hall. In vol. i. p. 43, under Pipe Rolls of Edw. L, the personal names of Ralph Boxted and Ralph de Boxted, 1288, occur. The place-name Boxstead occurs on Dunstable Downs. In Chauncy's Map of Herts, 1700, he gives the place-name Box, not Box-wood, two miles E. of Stevenage. A farmer here, from Pirton, N.W. border of Herts, says there is a Box-orchard there with large box-trees. I have noticed that Box is pronounced bux by the ru^tics. Other Latni forms occur in this district, as the comp (tiie plain) — a field called Caiiipum downum or dinium (= field at base of down), itc. Tiie six incii Ordnance mnp is very inferior to the old one-inch, for place-names. — W. G. Smith.

Mosses of North-east Yorkshire, " V.-C. 62" (Journ. Bot. 1900, 484-9). — I am much obliged to Mr. Cocks for pointing out a mistake in this paper. It arose from a persistent idea I have had

74 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

for some time that the "Ainsty" was in N.E. Yorkshire. Having had only a short time in which to prepare tlie paper, I inifortunately omitted looking at my vice-comity boundaries, or the mistake might have been avoided. Mosses from the following places mentioned in the paper should be transferred to v.-c. 6i : — Askham Bog, Moor- monkton, Hammerton, Healaugh. Appleton Roelmck, Thorparch, Boston Spa, Colton, Bolton Percy, Tockwith, He<say — all of which are in the Aiusty of York. Mosses from Leckby Carr should be transferred to v.-c. 65. — Wm. Ingham.

RuBUS CRINIGER Liuton IN SOMERSET. — In September, 1894, I collected by a roadside near Oare, in West Somerset (v.-c. 5), a bramble which I conld not name. A few days ago I examined the specimens agaui, and, still feeling uncertain, took them to Mr. Rogers, who tells me that they are B. crini(/er Linton. This makes a new '* county record," and considerably extends the known distribution of the species. — R. P. ^Iurray.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Genera Mimcoi um Frondosorum, Classes Schistocarporum, Cleisto- carponini, Steffocarporum coniplectentla, exceptis Ortliotnchaceis et Pleurocdiph. Gattungen und Gruppen der Laubmoose in historischer und systematischer Beziehung, sowie nach ihrer geographischen Verbreitung unter Beriicksichtigung der Arten. Handschrif tlicher Nachlass von Dr. Carl Muller. Mit einem Vorworte von Dr. Karl Schliephacke. Leipzig: E. Kummer. 1901. Preis 12 M. Pp. viii, 474.

Nearly two years have elapsed since the death of the renowned moss- specialist Carl Mueller on February 9th, 1899. Born on December 16th, 1818, and actively pursuing his studies to the last, this indefatigable worker found the generous allotment of nearly eighty-one years insufficient to enable him to complete his life's vocation.

In the sympathetic preface with which Dr. Schliephacke intro- duces this last fragment of his old friend's work, he gives us some interesting data of C.irl Mueller's career — how he discovered his first new moss [Sphagnum muUuscoides) so long ago as the year 1840 ; how he began the publication of that classical work, the Synopsis Muscoruni Frondosorum in 1847 and finished it in four years. The two volumes contain nearly 1600 pages, and added 473 new species to bryological science. Before issuing his Synopsis, Carl Mueller had already published twenty-five bryological papers, and since its completion he has added eighty more, three of which have appeared since his death. These contributions are to be found in all sorts of periodicals and books of travel. In 1853 was produced his Deutschlands Moose, a volume of 512 pages. Nor did his Uterary activity cease here, for during a number of years he was concerned

GENERA MTJSCORUM FRONDOSORUM 76

in the editorial management of the Botaniffchr ZeituyK/ &nd Die XatKr. What the sum total of the new species he described may be it is impossible to say with any approach to accuracy ; but six or seven tlioiisand is probably a moderate computation. He certainly pub- lished some two thousand after 1895, presumably urged on by the genesis of General Paris's Index Bnjoloijiciis ; moreover, some hundreds of numina nuda are put into circulation in the present work.

He contemplated, Dr. Schliephacke tells us, the publication of a third volume of his Si/nopsis, and began to prepare the requisite material more than ten years ago ; but the uninterrupted supply of new gatherings of mosses from all parts of the world which reached him kept him so fully occupied that he was never able to execute his project. And so that new or revised synopsis of the world's mosses, which is so badly needed and which he, from his complete mastery of the subject, was so thoroughly competent to provide, still remains unwritten. It is true that, so far as the acrocarpous mosses are concerned, some degree of consolation may be found in the present fragment, upon which he was engaged in his last years. The pity is that the pen was snatched from his failing hand when the task was but half completed. However, as far as it goes, it is an exposition of his views as to the proper grouping of the genera and subgenera, conveying an adequate description of the morpho- logical characteristics of the various groups, genera, &c., and of their historical development, and a skilful account of the geographical distribution of the species, the whole being interspersed with critical and sagacious remarks which both add to the interest of the text and reveal the profundity of the author's knowledge and his wonderful grasp of the subject.

The system adopted is an amplification of that which was expounded in the St/nopsis fifty years ago. The Cleistocarpous mosses are retained in a class by themselves. The Sphmpiacecp maintain an artificial position in contiguity with the Leacobri/acea. The genera are far fewer and more condensed than in rival systems of classification ; thus Campijlopnsis but a subgenus of Dicranum. The number of genera treated is about 115, and seven of these bear a superficial resemblance to novelty which in some cases is mis- leading. For three of them [Beckett ia, Thysanomitrlopsis, and Hfjpndontium) will not withstand the test of research. They have already been described in Heduvjia. Two of the others, Brothera and Monncranum (both Dicranaceous), were baptized in Kindberg's Enumeratio Bnjinearuui E.votic(num in 1891, but now are described for the first time. And as for the remaining two, Spruceella and Aulacomitrium Broth, (both Pottiaceous), they labour under the disadvantage of being fitted with names which are open to strong objection. Sprucella Steph., which barely differs from the former name, has been in use in the Hepatics since 1886. And, as to the latter, it must give way, if the Macromitrious Aulacomitrium. Mitt. (1891) is a sound genus.

It is much to be regretted that no references are given to the first place of publication of the subgenera, as they would have been

76 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY

very welcome. Those of the genera, however, are supplied, but are not always satisfactory. For instance, Phasciwi, Ephemerum, and Astominn are referred to " Hampe Liinmu 1832." But I have never been able to find this reference. Pfeifit'er, in his Noniemiator Botanicus (1873), is unable to quote the page. It is true that Schwaegrichen, in the text to his tab. 301, h (Spec. Muse. Frond. (1842) ), refers these genera to Hampe, " in diario Schlechtendaliano anni 1832, p. 522 " ; but, if this journal means Linucea, then the reference is a myth. On the other hand, Hampe broke up the genus Fhasrum L. in a moss-list published in Flora, 1837, p. 285 ; and Astomiim and Ephemermn liave the aspect of being printed there for the first time. Schwaegrichen's quotation requires explanation. The species he quotes are not in every case allocated to the same eenus as in Hampe's list of 1837.

A. G.

Botany : an FAementary Text for Schools. By L. H. Bailey. 8vo, pp. xi, 355, 500 figs. The Macmillan Company : New York. 1900. Price 6s.

Another delightful book from Professor L. H. Bailey, recalling in its wealth of illustrations and general air of excellence his Lessons with Plants reviewed in this Journal for 1898 (p. 200). The Lessons was to supplement the work of the teacher ; the new book is made for the pupil. But the teacher should read and mark the paragraphs addressed to himself in the form of an introduction ; a series of sentences replete witti common-sense advice. The author has studied his pupils as well as the plants, and aptly hits off the relations which should subsist between them. The secondary teacher, he reminds us, has not to train scientific observers, but to educate the child, to bring him closer to the things with which he lives, to widen his horizon, and intensify his hold on life. Botany should not be taught for the purpose of making the pupil a specialist: that effort should be retained for the few who develop a taste for special knowledge. Such a one should be encouraged. There are colleges and universities in which